Ultrasound-Guided Intervention for Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

Figure 4

Sonoanatomy and ultrasound-guided injection technique for the infraorbital nerve: (a) the transducer position (yellow rectangle), (b) ultrasound image of the infraorbital nerve (white solid arrow) from the infraorbital foramen, (c) introducing the needle in the lateral-to-medial direction using the in-plane approach to target the infraorbital nerve, and (d) power Doppler image of the infraorbital vessels. The asterisk () denotes the infraorbital foramen on the face. The empty white arrows denote the bony cortex of the maxilla. The yellow dashed arrow denotes the needle trajectory. LLSM: levator labii superioris muscle; ZM: zygomaticus minor muscle; MF: malar fat; M: medial side. All the pictures were obtained from the face of the first author.

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