Optimism, Positive and Negative Affect, and Goal Adjustment Strategies: Their Relationship to Activity Patterns in Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Table 1
Means, standard deviations (SD), and Pearson correlations.
Variables
Range
Mean (SD)
2a
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1. Optimism
0–12
7.68 (2.99)
−0.77
0.67
−0.51
0.46
0.61
−0.51
0.72
−0.27
−0.44
0.18
−0.08
−0.03
0.05
0.14
−0.02
2. Pessimism
0–12
5.18 (3.12)
—
−0.63
0.48
−0.56
−0.48
0.54
−0.63
0.30
0.55
−0.25
0.11
0.03
−0.03
−0.08
0.09
3. Positive affect
11–45
28.99 (7.73)
—
−0.51
0.53
0.54
−0.58
0.60
−0.38
−0.59
0.36
−0.08
0.03
0.05
0.09
−0.13
4. Negative affect
10–47
24.27 (7.63)
—
−0.33
−0.40
0.40
−0.45
0.29
0.53
−0.12
0.28
0.16
−0.02
−0.12
0.04
5. Tenacious goal pursuit
21–60
42.24 (7.95)
—
0.54
−0.57
0.44
−0.27
−0.47
0.33
−0.08
0.11
−0.02
0.06
−0.11
6. Flexible goal adjustment
8–35
23.77 (5.11)
—
−0.32
0.55
−0.17
−0.29
0.13
−0.03
−0.01
0.01
0.17
0.01
7. Goal disengagement
5–16
9.60 (2.58)
—
−0.52
0.36
0.51
−0.28
0.11
−0.07
−0.02
0.00
0.08
8. Goal reengagement
5–25
17.14 (3.85)
—
−0.27
−0.44
0.19
−0.14
−0.06
0.06
0.20
−0.00
9. Pain avoidance
0–12
6.70 (2.64)
—
0.53
−0.70
−0.17
−0.44
0.41
0.32
0.51
10. Activity avoidance
0–12
6.30 (2.76)
—
−0.48
0.20
−0.04
0.02
−0.05
0.25
11. Task-contingent persistence
0–12
6.08 (2.93)
—
0.17
0.53
−0.43
−0.37
−0.57
12. Pain-contingent persistence
0–12
6.88 (3.26)
—
0.46
−0.11
−0.21
−0.16
13. Excessive persistence
0–12
5.21 (2.94)
—
−0.46
−0.53
−0.53
14. Pacing to increase activity levels
0–12
6.17 (2.60)
—
0.80
0.73
15. Pacing to conserve energy for valued activities
0–11
6.01 (2.71)
—
0.73
16. Pacing to reduce pain
0–12
6.70 (2.76)
—
;;athe numbers in the upper row correspond to the variables in rows 1 to 12.
