Early Factors Associated with the Development of Chronic Pain in Trauma Patients
Table 2
Univariate comparisons of patients’ characteristics in the derivation and validation samples.
Characteristics
Derivation sample (N = 62,669)
Validation sample (N = 32,465)
ES
Age (%) ≥ 65
45.4
44.9
<0.01
Female (%)
48.1
48.2
<0.01
Mechanism of injury (%)
Fall
63.5
62.8
<0.01
Motor vehicle accident
21.3
21.8
—
Weapon or blunt object
8.2
8.4
—
Other
7.0
7.0
—
Major trauma (ISS > 15) (%)
17.1
16.9
<0.01
History of alcoholism (%)
1.6
1.6
<0.01
History of depression disorder (%)
5.0
5.2
<0.01
History of anxiety disorder (%)
6.8
6.9
<0.01
With Quebec medication insurance (%)
50.6
50.0
<0.01
Mean (±SD) follow-up (years)
4.8 (2.4)
4.8 (2.4)
<0.01
Mean (±SD) ED stay duration (hrs)
17.0 (18.2)
16.9 (17.7)
<0.01
Posttrauma chronic pain (%)
15.4
15.1
<0.01
ES: effect size from the chi-square test; effect size from the t-test. Small, medium, and large effect sizes for chi-square are 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5, respectively, and for the t-test statistic 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8, respectively.
