Early Factors Associated with the Development of Chronic Pain in Trauma Patients

Table 3

Univariate comparisons of variables for patients with and without chronic pain in the derivation sample.

Variables	Without chronic pain (N = 53,040)	With chronic pain (N = 9,629)	Odd ratio (95% CI)
Age (%) ≥ 65	42.6	60.4	2.05 (1.96–2.14)
Female (%)	46.6	56.5	1.49 (1.42–1.55)
Mechanism of injury (%)
Fall	62.7	68.0	Reference
Motor vehicle accident	21.5	20.2	0.87 (0.82–0.91)
Weapon or blunt object	8.7	5.5	0.59 (0.53–0.64)
Other	7.1	6.3	0.86 (0.76–0.91)
AIS injury regions (%)
Lower extremity/skeletal	52.4	53.3	1.04 (1.00–1.08)
Upper extremity/skeletal	21.5	21.3	1.00 (0.94–1.04)
Thorax/skeletal (rib or sternum)	12.5	14.7	1.20 (1.13–1.28)
Disc, vertebra	11.2	14.9	1.39 (1.31–1.48)
Lower extremity/whole area^a	10.7	10.9	1.03 (0.96–1.10)
Face/whole area^b	10.7	9.6	0.88 (0.82–0.95)
Upper extremity/whole area^a	10.1	9.4	0.92 (0.85–0.99)
Brain, brainstem, cerebellum	9.9	8.1	0.80 (0.74–0.86)
Head/whole area^c	8.9	8.9	1.00 (0.92–1.08)
Face/skeletal	7.0	5.5	0.77 (0.70–0.84)
Thorax/organ^d	5.8	5.1	0.87 (0.79–0.95)
Abdomen/organ^e	5.4	4.5	0.82 (0.74–0.91)
Skull fracture	4.6	3.2	0.69 (0.61–0.78)
Loss of consciousness	4.4	5.1	1.17 (1.06–1.30)
Thorax/whole area^f	3.3	3.4	1.03 (0.91–1.16)
Lower extremity/MTL^g	3.1	2.7	0.88 (0.77–1.00)
Abdomen/whole area^h	2.7	2.8	1.04 (0.91–1.19)
Face/organ^i	2.5	2.0	0.78 (0.67–0.91)
Upper extremity/MTL^g	2.3	2.2	0.94 (0.81–1.08)
Spinal cord	2.1	5.0	2.51 (2.25–2.80)
Major trauma (ISS > 15) (%)	17.0	17.5	1.03 (0.98–1.10)
History of alcoholism (%)	1.5	2.3	1.59 (1.37–1.85)
History of depression disorder (%)	4.9	6.0	1.25 (1.14–1.37)
History of anxiety disorder (%)	6.4	9.2	1.48 (1.37–1.60)
Mean (±SD) follow-up duration (yr)	4.7 (2.4)	5.0 (2.3)	1.06 (1.05–1.07)
Mean (±SD) ED stay duration (hrs)	16.8 (18.1)	18.3 (19.0)	1.01 (1.00–1.01)

a: amputation, crushing injury, penetrating trauma, contusion, or laceration; b: superficial penetrating trauma, contusion, or laceration; c: penetrating trauma, contusion, or laceration; d: air way, lung, diaphragm, oesophagus, or heart; e: perineal, scrotum, penis, vagina, adrenal, bladder, bowel, liver, and kidney; f: crushing injury, penetrating trauma, laceration, or contusion; g: muscle, tendon, and ligament; h: superficial penetrating trauma, contusion, or laceration; i: eye, ear, or mouth. Odd ratios in bold were significant at .