A Comparative Study between Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation and Fentanyl to Relieve Shoulder Pain during Laparoscopic Gynecologic Surgery under Spinal Anesthesia: A Randomized Clinical Trail

Table 2

Comparing pain score in TENS and fentanyl groups as measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS).

	TENS (n = 40)	Fentanyl (n = 40)
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	95% CI of the difference
Pretreatment Pain	9.02 (1.32)	8.95 (1.33)	−0.51 to 0.66	0.80
Posttreatment pain (5 minutes)	7.62 (2.33)	5.52 (2.18)	1.09 to 3.10	<0.001
Posttreatment pain (10 minutes)	3.92 (2.53)	3.55 (2.18)	−0.67 to 1.42	0.48
Posttreatment pain (15 minutes)	1.72 (2.11)	2.60 (2.35)	−1.86 to 0.11	0.08
Posttreatment pain (30 minutes)	0.65 (0.89)	1.50 (1.75)	−1.46 to −0.23	0.008

Higher values indicate higher pain severity.