Opioid Safety and Concomitant Benzodiazepine Use in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

Table 3

Frequencies of adverse events according to opioid prescription use.

	All N (%)	Patients without opioid prescription N (%)	Patients with at least one opioid prescription N (%)	p value
	(n = 643,859)	(n = 163,399)	(n = 480,460)
Patients with at least one hospital admission with a diagnosis of opioid overdose, n (%)	3,370 (0.52)	139 (0.09)	3,231 (0.67)	<0.001
Death due to drug overdose, n (%)	155 (0.02)	18 (0.01)	137 (0.03)	<0.001
Death due to opioid overdose (definition: death due to drug overdose during hospitalization with a diagnosis of opioid overdose), n (%)	6 (0.00)	1 (0.00)	5 (0.00)	0.624
Total LOS, median (IQR)	28 (12–59)	22 (9–48)	31 (13–62)	<0.001
Total ICU LOS, median (IQR)	6 (2–16)	5 (1–14)	6 (2–16)	<0.001
LOS in patients with opioid overdose, median (IQR)	4 (2–8)	5 (3–10)	4 (2–8)	0.326
ICU LOS in patients with opioid overdose, median (IQR)	2 (1–4)	2 (1–5)	2 (1–4)	0.144
Annual Medicare cost per patient ($1000), median (IQR)	43 (23–70)	33 (14–57)	46 (26–73)	<0.001

IQR, interquartile range; ICU, intensive care unit; LOS, length of stay.