Pain Research and Management

Review Article

Chronic Widespread Pain and Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Life-Course Risk Markers in Young People

Table 3

Risk markers for chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia in pediatric samples.
Risk markerModifiablePain contextType of studyPopulation or clinicNumber of participantsMultivariate analysisReferenceOverall quality
Female sexNoCWPProspective population cohortPopulation1282YesMikkelsson et al. [20]+++
Early-life adversityPossiblyCWPProspective population cohortPopulation7,571YesJones et al. [19, 45, 46]+++
CWPProspective population cohortPopulation7,470NoJones et al. [19, 45, 46]+++
CWPProspective population cohortPopulation1,440YesJones et al. [19, 45, 46]+++
FMSCase-controlClinic36NoOlivieri et al. [47]+
FMSCase-controlClinic117NoBohn et al. [48]+
FMSReviewN/AN/AN/ALow and Schweinhardt [49]N/A
FMSCase-control retrospectiveClinic75YesHellou et al. [50]++
Psychosocial factors 
(i) Intelligence (low)NoCWPPopulation surveyPopulation6,902YesGale et al. [51]+++
(ii) Insecure attachmentPossiblyCWPProspective population cohortPopulation2,509NoDavies et al. [52]+++
(iii) Peer relationshipsYesFMSCase-controlClinic110NoKashikar-Zuck et al. [53]+
(iv) Stress, anxiety, and depressionYesCWPProspective population cohortPopulation7,571YesJones et al. [19, 45, 46]+++
 CWPProspective population cohortPopulation7,470YesJones et al. [19, 45, 46]+++
CWPProspective population cohortPopulation1,440YesJones et al. [19, 45, 46]+++
CWPProspective population cohortPopulation2,650YesNicholl et al. [54]+++
CWPCross-sectionalPopulation7,070NoSkrove et al. [21]++
FMSPopulation surveyPopulation3,006YesWolfe et al. [55]++
FMSCase seriesClinic76NoKashikar-Zuck et al. [56]+
FMSProspective cohortClinic121YesCunningham et al. [57]+++
(v) TemperamentPossiblyFMSCase-controlClinic48NoConte et al. [58]+
(vi) Posttraumatic stress disorderPossiblyCWPCross-sectional surveyPopulation3,740NoArguelles et al. [59]++
(vii) Socioeconomic status (low)PossiblyCWPProspective population cohortPopulation9,377YesMacfarlane et al. [60]+++
Sleep problemsYesFMSCase seriesClinic30NoTayag-Kier et al. [61]+
Physical traumaNoCWPProspective population cohortPopulation7,571YesJones et al. [45]+++
Functional/primary pain disordersYesCWPProspective population cohortPopulation7,470NoJones et al. [19, 46]+++
 CWPProspective population cohortPopulation1,440YesJones et al. [19, 46]+++
Hypermobility of jointsNoFMSCross-sectionalClinic131NoTing et al. [62]+
Chronic fatigueNoCWPPopulation birth cohortPopulation3214YesNorris et al. [63]++++
Small-fiber polyneuropathyNoFMSCase seriesClinic41NoOaklander and Klein [64]+
Overall quality:  + , very low;  ++ , low;  +++ , moderate;  ++++ , high.