Pain Research and Management

Review Article

Chronic Widespread Pain and Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Life-Course Risk Markers in Young People

Table 4

Risk markers for chronic widespread pain and fibromyalgia in adult samples.
Risk markerModifiablePain contextType of studyPopulation or clinicNumber of participantsMultivariate analysisReferenceOverall quality
Female sexNoCWPProspective population cohortPopulation28,367YesMundal et al. [66]+++
 CWPSystematic reviewN/AN/AN/AMansfield et al. [67]N/A
CWPReviewN/AN/AN/AMogil [68]N/A
FMSRandom population surveyPopulation830NoVincent et al. [69]++
Psychosocial factors 
(i) Stress, anxiety, and depressionYesCWPProspective population cohortPopulation28,367YesMundal et al. [66]+++
 CWPProspective population cohortPopulation3,171YesGupta et al. [70]+++
CWPTwin surveyPopulation
Population
Population		3,266
9,26
3,266		Yes
Yes
Yes		Burri et al. [38, 71, 72]++++
(ii) Emotional intelligence (low)PossiblyCWPTwin surveyPopulation3,266YesBurri et al. [71]++++
(iii) Posttraumatic stress disorderPossiblyCWPProspective population cohortPopulation1,312YesRaphael et al. [73]+++
 FMSCross-sectionalClinic395NoHäuser et al. [74]++
(iv) Socioeconomic status (low)PossiblyCWPProspective population cohortPopulation2,509NoDavies et al. [52]+++
(v) Family dysfunctionPossibleCWPCase-control cross-sectionalClinic75YesHayaki et al. [75]++
(vi) Maladjusted behaviorYesCWPProspective population cohortPopulation8572YesPang et al. [76]+++
Preterm birthNoCWPProspective population cohortPopulation8572YesLittlejohn et al. [77]+++
Sleep problemsYesCWPProspective population cohortPopulation3,171YesGupta et al. [70]+++
 FMSReviewN/AN/AN/AChoy [78]N/A
Physical traumaNoCWPProspective cohortClinic948NoHu et al. [79]++
Functional/primary pain disordersYesCWPProspective cohortClinic423YesViniol et al. [80]++
 CWPRetrospective cohortClinic512YesKindler et al. [81]++
FMSCase-controlClinic625YesWarren et al. [82]++
FMSCross-sectionalClinic1,123Yesde Tommaso et al. [83]++
FMSControlled trialClinic86NoGiamberardino et al. [84]+
Overweight and obesityYesCWPProspective population cohortPopulation28,367YesMundal et al. [66]+++
 CWPProspective population cohortPopulation1,553YesMagnusson et al. [85]+++
FMSReviewN/AN/AN/AUrsini et al. [86]N/A
Iron deficiencyYesFMSCase-controlClinic92NoOrtancil et al. [87]+
HemochromatosisYesFMSCross-sectionalClinic295NoMohammad et al. [88]+
HPA dysfunctionPossiblyCWPProspective population cohortPopulation241YesMcBeth et al. [89]+++
Infectious illnessPossiblyFMSReviewN/AN/AN/ABuskila et al. [90]N/A
 FMSReviewN/AN/AN/AHäuser et al. [91]N/A
FMSProspective cohort controlledPopulation1,244YesChen et al. [92]+++
Overall quality:  + , very low;  ++ , low;  +++ , moderate;  ++++ , high.