First author, year, country Study design Anticipated finding(s)† First-time episode, episode, or prevalence†‡ Definition of preceding nonepisode§ “No prior history of LBP” queried Type of LBP according to our definition Anand, 2013, India [5 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, associated risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Alperovitch-Najenson, 2010, Israel [6 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, associated risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Auvinen, 2010, Finland [7 ] Longitudinal Risk factors Episode None NA Mixed/unclear Capkin, 2015, Turkey [8 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Cho, 2012, South Korea [9 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Coenen, 2013, Netherlands [10 ] Prospective cohort Risk factor Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Erick, 2014, Botswana [11 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Ernat, 2012, North America [12 ] Retrospective, database analysis Incidence, risk factors First-time NA Unclear Mixed/unclear Fajardo Rodriguez, 2016, Colombia [42 ] Cross-sectional Characterising LBP Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Gaowgzeh, 2015, Saudi Arabia [13 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Gold, 2017, North America [43 ] Longitudinal Predicting factors, risk factors Episode None NA Recurring episode Hussain, 2017, Pakistan [44 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, associated risk factor Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Jia, 2016, China [14 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Kanchanomai, 2015, Thailand [15 ] Prospective Annual incidence, risk factors for the onset First-time NA No Mixed/unclear Katsavouni, 2014, Greece [16 ] Cross-sectional Risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Kelley, 2017, North America [45 ] Cross-sectional Related factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Kherad, 2016, Sweden [46 ] Cross-sectional Risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Knox, 2014, North America [17 ] Retrospective database analysis Incidence, risk factors First-time NA Unclear Mixed/unclear Labbafinejad, 2016, Iran [47 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Lallukka, 2016, Finland [48 ] Longitudinal Determinant factors, risk Episode None No Mixed/unclear Lin, 2014, Taiwan [18 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Lin, 2012, Taiwan [19 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Mattila, 2017, Finland [49 ] Prospective Predicting factor Episode None No Mixed/unclear Mikkonen, 2016, Finland [20 ] Prospective cohort Risk Episode None NA Mixed/unclear Mitchell, 2010, Australia [21 ] Prospective Factors predicting new-onset LBP Episode None NA Mixed/unclear Mohd Anuar, 2016, Malaysia [50 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, associated risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Mohseni-Bandpei, 2011, Iran [22 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factor Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Murtezani, 2011, Kosovo [23 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Ng, 2014, Australia [24 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Nissen, 2014, Denmark [25 ] Retrospective Risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Noda, 2015, Sri Lanka [26 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Rafeemanesh, 2017, Iran [51 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Ramond-Roquin, 2015, France [27 ] Prospective cohort Risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Shemory, 2016, North America [28 ] Retrospective database analysis Relative risk, incidence, risk factors First-time NA None Mixed/unclear Sikiru, 2010, Nigeria [29 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Şimşek, 2017, Turkey [52 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Steffens, 2015, Australia [30 ] Case-crossover Risk factors Episode Yes NA Recurring episode Sterud, 2013, Norway [31 ] Prospective Risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Triki, 2015, Tunisia [32 ] Retrospective Prevalence, causes of injuries First-time NA Yes First-time episode Udom, 2016, Thailand [53 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, associated risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Van Hilst, 2015, Netherlands [33 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, associated risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Vandergrift, 2012, North America [34 ] Prospective Risk factors, risk of incidence Episode None NA Recurring episode Vargas-Prada, 2013, Spain [35 ] Prospective Factors predicting the incidence and prevalence Episode Yes No Recurring episode Furtado, 2014, Brazil [36 ] Cross-sectional Risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Yang, 2016, North America [54 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Ye, 2017, China [55 ] Cross-sectional Risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear Yue, 2012, China [37 ] Cross-sectional Prevalence, risk factors Prevalence None NA Mixed/unclear
