First author, year, country Study design as defined by authors Definition of LBP Domains of associated factors investigated (number of included factors) Types of analyses Variables reported being linked to recent episode of LBP that were also credible triggers† Auvinen, 2010, Finland [7 ] Longitudinal LBP at age 18 Anthropometric at 16 (2) Multivariate For girls, being too tired and insufficient sleep at 16 Lifestyle habits at 16 (4) For boys having 9 hrs sleep at 16 Pain status at 16 (1) Parents’ socioeconomic status (1) Psychological at 16 (3) Gold, 2017, North America [43 ] Longitudinal LBP past 3 months with at least mild severity during prior week Anthropometric (1) Multivariate Work-family imbalance Demographic (5) Health (2) Lifestyle (2) Occupational factors (5) Lalluka, 2016, Finland [48 ] Longitudinal Radiating LBP and local LBP lasting >7 days in the past year Anthropometric (1) Multivariate Physical work heaviness Demographic (1) Lifestyle (1) Occupational factors (3) Mattila, 2017, Finland [49 ] Prospective Acute LBP (lumbago) in the last month. LBP radiating below knee in the last month LBP during military service (1) Multivariate LBP during military service Maximal oxygen uptake (1) Muscle fitness (6) Mikkonen, 2016, Finland [20 ] Prospective cohort Reporting new LBP at 18, Consultation for LBP at 18 Anthropometric at 16 (1) Multivariate Externalizing behaviour associated with consultation for LBP at 18 yrs in girls (not in boys) Lifestyle at 16 (4) Parents’ socioeconomic status at 16 (1) Psychological at 16 (8) Mitchell, 2010, Australia [21 ] Prospective New significant LBP episode Anthropometric (1) Multivariate History of LBP Demographic (1) Stress Hx of LBP (1) Moderate activity Lifestyle/Social (9) Back muscle endurance Physical examination findings (5) Pelvic angle slums sitting Posture (1) Lower lumbar sitting repositioning error Psychological (4) Steffens, 2015, Australia [30 ] Case-crossover Sudden-onset acute LBP Lifestyle (2) Multivariate Manual tasks Occupational factors (5) Moderate and vigorous physical activity Psychosocial (3) Distraction during a task Other (1) Tiredness Vandergrift, 2012, North America [34 ] Prospective More than 3 episodes of pain or one week pain in last 12 months Anthropometric (3) Univariate and multivariate None Demographic (3) Occupational factors (5) Psychosocial (2) Vargas-Prada, 2013, Spain [35 ] Prospective LBP for a day or more in the past month Demographic (3) Multivariate History of LBP Health beliefs about LBP (1) Poor mental health History of LBP past 12 months (1) Distressing somatic symptoms Lifestyle (1) Mental health (1) Occupational lifting (1) Psychological (3) Somatising tendency (1)
