Research Article
Chronic Pain Prevalence and Exposures during Pregnancy
Table 2
Medication exposures among pregnant women with chronic pain disorders.
| | Medication class | N (%) | Individual medications | N (%) |
| | Opioids | 19 (43.2) | Buprenorphine | 1 (2.3) | | Fentanyl | 1 (2.3) | | Hydrocodone | 13 (29.5) | | Oxycodone | 6 (13.6) | | Tramadol | 4 (9.1) | | Acetaminophen | 19 (43.2) | Acetaminophen | 19 (43.2) | | Sedative/hypnotic | 16 (36.4) | Alprazolam | 6 (13.6) | | Clonazepam | 3 (6.8) | | Diazepam | 5 (11.4) | | Lorazepam | 1 (2.3) | | Zolpideim | 6 (13.6) | | Antiepileptic drugs | 13 (29.5) | Gabapentin | 6 (13.6) | | Lamotrigine | 4 (9.1) | | Pregabalin | 1 (2.3) | | Topiramate | 2 (4.5) | | Muscle relaxant | 7 (15.9) | Carisoprodol | 3 (6.8) | | Cyclobenzaprine | 3 (6.8) | | Methocarbamol | 1 (2.3) | | Steroid | 7 (15.9) | Steroid | 7 (15.9) | | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | 3 (6.8) | Etodolac | 1 (2.3) | | Ibuprofen | 1 (2.3) | | Naproxen | 1 (2.3) | | Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors | 11 (25.0) | Citalopram | 2 (4.5) | | Escitalopram | 2 (4.5) | | Fluoxetine | 5 (11.4) | | Sertraline | 2 (4.5) | | Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors | 5 (11.4) | Desvenlafaxine | 1 (2.3) | | Venlafaxine | 4 (9.1) | | Tricyclic antidepressants | 1 (2.3) | Doxepin | 1 (2.3) | | Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | 1 (2.3) | Bupropion | 1 (2.3) |
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