Cognitive Decline in Chronic Migraine with Nonsteroid Anti-inflammation Drug Overuse: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 4

Scores of cognitive function assessment in different groups^a.

	CM		MO	Control
	CM-MOH	CMwoMOH
MMSE	29 (27–29.5)	28.5 (28–29)	28 (28–29.5)	29 (28–30)
ACE-R	83 (74.5–88)	83 (76.3–88.5)	86 (78–92)	86 (82.3–89.8)
Attention/orientation	18 (17–18)	17 (17–18)	17 (17–18)	18 (17–18)
Memory^b,1,2	21 (18–23)	21.5 (19.3–23)	24 (21–25)	23 (22–24)
Language fluency	8 (7–9)	8 (7–9)	9 (7–11)	9 (8–10)
Language	23 (18.5–24.5)	20 (18–22)	20 (18–23)	21 (19–24)
Visuospace	15 (13.5–16)	15.5 (14.3–16)	16 (15–16)	16 (15–16)
TMT A	50.3 (41.2–76.7)	50.3 (35.1–75)	45.1 (34.9–59.4)	48.2 (39.7–59.3)
TMT B^b,1,2	145.3 (119.2–198.9)	111.2 (87.9–151.7)	116.3 (97.5–129.4)	119.6 (98.5–126.5)
DST	31 (23.5–45.5)	32 (20–41.3)	37 (30–45)	35.5 (30–42.8)

^aKruskal–Wallis tests, median (interquartile range); ^b. Pairwise comparison with adj. sig.:¹ CM-MOH vs. control, . ² CM-MOH vs. MO, . ³CM-MOH vs. CMwoMOH, ; CM, chronic migraine; CM-MOH, chronic migraine with medication overuse headache; CMwoMOH, chronic migraine without medication overuse headache; MO, migraine without aura; MMSE, minimental state examination; ACE-R, Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Test; TMT, Trail Making Test; DST, Digit Symbol Test.