Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Postoperative Opioid Abuse

Table 1

Variants of opioid receptor genes related to opioid-based analgesic therapy.

Gene	Clinical outcomes	Reference
OPRD1	Increased effect sizes of pain	[38]
OPRK1	Heroin addiction; alcohol dependence	[39]
SIGMAR1	Increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease; decreased effects in response to antidepressants	[40]
OPRM1	Heroin and cocaine addiction	[41]
	Decreased effects in response to opioids	[42]
	Heroin addiction; opioid dependence	[43]
	Change-in-libido and insomnia side effects	[44]
	Increased risk in coronary heart disease	[45]
	Decreased effects in response to antidepressants	[42]