Pain Research and Management / 2019 / Article / Tab 3 / Review Article
The Chinese Association for the Study of Pain (CASP): Consensus on the Assessment and Management of Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain Risk factors Description Age [20 ] Age is positively associated with the incidence. Psychology [128 ] Stress, anxiety, and depression may increase the incidence of LBP. Occupation [129 ] Long-term spinal heavy burden, excessive rotation, or vibration increases the risk of LBP; high-risk occupations are miners, drivers, farmers, and caregivers. BMI [130 ] Obesity is positively correlated with LBP incidence. Gender Women are more than men. Genetics LBP has familial aggregation. Pregnancy More than 50% pregnant women in the early pregnancy have LBP. This may be related to elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone. Lifestyle Smoking and sedentary lifestyle increase the risk of LBP.