Analgesic Mechanism of Sinomenine against Chronic Pain

Figure 2

Sinomenine-induced peripheral neuroimmune interaction occurred at the dorsal root ganglion neurons. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; IL1-ß, interluekin1 ß; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; P2XR, P2X receptor; IL-1R, interluekin1 receptor; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor; P-ERK, phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ATF-3, activating transcription factor-3; NFkB, transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B.