Analgesic Mechanism of Sinomenine against Chronic Pain

Figure 3

Sinomenine-induced central neuroimmune interaction occurred at the spinal dorsal horn. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; IL1-ß, interleukin1 ß; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; P2XR, P2X receptor; IL-1R, interleukin1 receptor; TNFR, tumor necrosis factor; P-ERK, phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ATF-3, activating transcription factor-3; GABA, γ-amino butyric acid; GABAR, γ-amino butyric acid receptor; P-p38, phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; P-NMDAR, phosphor-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, IBA-1, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1; GLT-1, glial glutamate transporter 1.