Perioperative Dexmedetomidine Fails to Improve Postoperative Analgesic Consumption and Postoperative Recovery in Patients Undergoing Lateral Thoracotomy for Thoracic Esophageal Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Table 2
Intraoperative and postoperative data.
Saline (n = 29)
Dexmedetomidine (n = 29)
value
Difference between mean/median
95% confidence interval
Intraoperative data
Duration of surgery
min
168.72 ± 50.57
168.62 ± 61.83
0.994
0.103 ± 14.832
[−29.609, 29.816]
Duration of anesthesia
min
205.86 ± 56.58
207.24 ± 63.02
0.930
−1.379 ± 15.728
[−32.886, 30.127]
Duration of one lung ventilation
min
123.21 ± 75.22
106.38 ± 71.90
0.388
16.828 ± 19.322
[−21.879, 55.534]
Cumulative propofol dose
mg
976.92 ± 434.06
905.17 ± 397.00
0.514
71.745 ± 109.232
[−147.073, 290.563]
Cumulative remifentanil dose
mg
2.48 ± 1.24
1.66 ± 1.25
0.015
0.817 ± 0.327
[0.163, 1.472]
Cumulative sufentanil dose
μg
58.52 ± 10.41
51.12 ± 9.95
0.008
7.397 ± 2.674
[2.040, 12.753]
Atropine
mg
0.052 ± 0.14
0.028 ± 0.08
0.341
0.024 ± 0.03
[−0.037, 0.085]
Phenylephrine
μg
46.02 ± 95.21
52.41 ± 77.72
0.787
−6.207 ± 22.905
[−52.092, 39.678]
Crystalloid volume
ml
1379.31 ± 416.94
1279.31 ± 352.93
0.328
100.000 ± 101.438
[−103.204, 303.204]
Colloid volume
ml
672.41 ± 276.32
624.14 ± 247.35
0.486
48.276 ± 68.867
[−89.681, 186.233]
Urine volume
ml
451.72 ± 264.40
465.52 ± 286.95
0.850
−13.793 ± 72.456
[−158.941, 131.354]
PACU data
Time to awakening
min
40.83 ± 31.83
37.03 ± 17.21
0.575
3.793 ± 6.72
[−9.668, 17.255]
Time to extubation
min
39.24 ± 16.75
40.10 ± 16.83
0.846
−0.862 ± 4.409
[−9.694, 7.97]
Time for discharge
min
79.38 ± 33.68
86.86 ± 42.78
0.462
−7.483 ± 10.11
[−27.737, 12.771]
Cumulative sufentanil dose
μg
1.12 ± 2.64
1.29 ± 3.82
0.842
−0.172 ± 0.861
[−1.898, 1.553]
Postoperative data
VAS for pain
POD1 at rest
2 [2−3]
2 [1−3]
0.066
−0.414 ± 0.22
[−0.855, 0.028]
POD2 at rest
2 [1−2]
2 [1−2]
0.374
−0.172 ± 0.192
[−0.558, 0.213]
POD5 at rest
1 [1–1.5]
1 [1−1]
0.372
−0.138 ± 0.153
[−0.445, 0.169]
POD1 on movement
4.77 ± 1.30
4.79 ± 1.37
0.922
−0.345 ± 0.351
[−0.738, 0.669]
POD2 on movement
3.79 ± 1.01
3.76 ± 1.15
0.904
0.034 ± 0.285
[−0.537, 0.606]
POD5 on movement
3[2−4]
3 [2−4]
0.467
−0.241 ± 0.329
[−0.899, 0.417]
Pressing number of PCIA-boli
The first 72 postoperative h
12.14 ± 4.76
10.89 ± 4.66
0. 317
−1.25 ± 1.229
[−3.728, 1.228]
Total pressing number of PCIA-boli
15.03 ± 14.15
16.97 ± 11.63
0.572
−1.931 ± 3.401
[−8.745, 4.883]
Surgical recovery scale
POD2
32.86 ± 2.49
32.97 ± 1.78
0.856
0.11 ± 0.568
[−1.029, 1.249]
POD5
35.69 ± 2.95
36.00 ± 2.65
0.675
0.31 ± 0.736
[−1.165, 1.785]
Sleep quality
POD2
4.00 [4.00–4.00]
4.50 [4.00–5.00]
0.004
0.621 ± 0.211
[0.198, 1.043]
POD5
4.00 [3.00–4.00]
4.00 [4.00–5.00]
0.008
0.759 ± 0.265
[0.228, 1.290]
Clear-headed after getting up
POD2
3.00 [3.00–4.00]
4.00 [3.00–4.50]
0.1102
0.379 ± 0.234
[−0.088, 0.847]
POD5
3.00 [3.00–4.00]
4.00 [3.00–5.00]
0.0026
0.724 ± 0.230
[0.264, 1.184]
Sleep satisfaction
POD2
3.00 [3.00–4.00]
3.00 [3.00–4.00]
0.858
−0.034 ± 0.192
[−0.418, 0.349]
POD5
3.00 [3.00–4.00]
4.00 [3.00–4.00]
0.058
0.414 ± 0.214
[−0.014, 0.842]
PONV
n (%)
3 (10.3)
2 (6.9)
0.640
Adverse events
n (%)
8 (27.59)
3 (10.34)
0.179
Pleural effusion
3
2
Pneumonia
1
0
Anastomotic fistula
1
0
Poor intestinal peristalsis
1
0
Delirium
1
0
Transfusion
1
1
First out-of-bed activity
days
3.21 ± 0.98
3.54 ± 1.26
0.275
−0.329 ± 0.298
[−0.927, 0.269]
Removal of chest drainage tube
days
9.55 ± 1.96
9.54 ± 2.19
0.977
0.016 ± 0.549
[−1.084, 1.116]
First intestinal aerofluxus
days
5.14 ± 3.79
4.61 ± 1.52
0.493
0.531 ± 0.77
[−1.012, 2.073]
Time for discharge
days
23.69 ± 7.59
22.34 ± 3.67
0.394
1.345 ± 1.566
[−1.792, 4.481]
Time for postoperative hospital stay
days
14.48 ± 7.06
12.38 ± 2.50
0.136
2.103 ± 1.391
[−0.684, 4.891]
Hospital cost
CNY
50,878.03 ± 12061.19
48,808.29 ± 9510.67
0.471
2069.75 ± 2852.254
[−3644.001, 7783.5]
Data are shown as absolute numbers (n), percentages of the total population (N), and the mean ± standard error or median (interquartile range), as appropriate. POD: postoperative day; PACU: postanesthesia care unit; VAS: visual analog scale; PCIA: patient-controlled i.v. analgesia; PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting; CNY: China Yuan.
