Sex-Specific Impact of Pain Severity, Insomnia, and Psychosocial Factors on Disability due to Spinal Degenerative Disease

Table 2

Multiple regression analysis examining the association between sample characteristics and pain disability (n = 111).

	Men, n = 61	Women, n = 50
Dependent = PDAS	β (95% CI)	β (95% CI)
	(R^2 = 0.44, Fchange 5.8)	(R^2 = 0.44, Fchange 4.1)
Age	0.01 (−0.20–0.23)	0.31 (0.06–0.55)
BMI	−0.04 (−0.26–0.18)	−0.14 (−0.41–0.12)
Pain duration	0.03 (−0.19–0.25)	−0.16 (−0.43–0.10)
NRS maximum	0.20 (−0.03–0.43)	0.40 (0.14–0.67)
PCS	0.18 (−0.08–0.44)	0.21 (−0.13–0.56)
HADS anxiety	−0.01 (−0.39–0.38)	0.08 (−0.34–0.49)
HADS depression	0.14 (−0.22–0.51)	−0.10 (−0.48–0.28)
AIS	0.36 (0.09–0.63)	0.13 (−0.20–0.45)

Multiple regression analysis was performed: , . PDAS: Pain Disability Assessment Scale, BMI: body mass index, NRS: Numerical Rating Scale, PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Score, HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, AIS: Athens Insomnia Scale, β: standardized regression coefficient, and CI: confidence interval.