Predictive Factors for Access-Site Pain Chronicity after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention via Radial Artery Access

Table 4

Prognostic factors for prediction of access-site pain chronicity development.

Prognostic factors	Value	OR	95% CI
Age	Years	1.00	0.93–1.09	0.825
Gender	Female	3.64	0.57–23.46	0.174
BMI	25–29.99	0.62	0.84–4.60	0.642
	30+	0.68	0.09–5.11	0.714
Smoking	Present	0.42	0.04–4.10	0.460
IHD	Present	0.60	0.34–1.07	0.085
Diabetes	Present	5.77	1.07–31.08	0.041
Hypertension	Present	1.34	0.15–11.9	0.791
Dyslipidemia	Present	0.74	0.15–3.82	0.725
Other comorbidities	Present	0.46	0.05–4.29	0.499
Fear before PCI	Present	1.83	0.32–10.49	0.493
Previous history of PCI	Yes	0.73	0.12–4.10	0.717
Procedure duration	Minutes	1.01	0.99–1.03	0.129
Bandage removal duration	Minutes	0.95	0.84–1.09	0.522
Access-site complications after PCI	Present	5.66	0.95–33.75	0.057
Arterial bleeding from access-site	Present	1.96	0.19–19.30	0.561
Hematoma	Present	6.48	1.06–39.65	0.043
Neuropathy	Present	19.93	1.27–312.32	0.033
Hand swelling following haemostasis	Present	0.99	0.18–5.64	0.991
Access-site pain
Immediately after PCI	Present	14.60	1.63–130.27	0.016
After 2 h	Present	—	—	—
After 12 h	Present	17.21	1.59–185.27	0.019
After 24 h	Present	48.74	4.87–487.2	0.001
After 48 h	Present	23.46	3.81–144.1	0.001
Pain intensity
Immediately after PCI	VRS	3.30	1.65–6.60	0.001
After 2 h	VRS	2.56	1.15–5.73	0.022
After 12 h	VRS	3.02	1.70–5.39	<0.001
After 24 h	VRS	3.58	1.90–6.74	<0.001
After 48 h	VRS	2.89	1.72–4.87	<0.001

BMI—body mass index; IHD— ischemic heart disease; PCI— percutaneous cardiac intervention; and VRS— Verbal Rating Scale (0—no pain, 1—mild, 2—moderate, 3—strong, 4—very strong, and 5—worst possible pain).