Predicting Acute Postoperative Pain Trajectories and Long-Term Outcomes of Adolescents after Spinal Fusion Surgery
Table 1
Preoperative and intraoperative variables of study patients (n = 106).
Preoperative and intraoperative variables
Total patient sample (n = 106)
Pain trajectory
1 (n = 26)
2 (n = 29)
3 (n = 26)
4 (n = 25)
Demographics
Age, years
15.4 (2.0)
15.7 (2.0)
15.5 (2.1)
14.9 (1.6)
15.4 (2.2)
Sex, n (%)
Male
25 (23.6)
8 (30.8)
7 (24.1)
8 (30.8)
2 (8.0)
Female
81 (76.4)
18 (69.2)
22 (75.9)
18 (69.2)
23 (92.0)
Largest cobb angle, °
56.8 (12.6)
54.2 (14.3)
55.0 (13.1)
60.7 (11.5)
57.6 (10.6)
Pain catastrophizing status
Total PCS-c score
22.9 (9.8)
Pain catastrophizers, n (%)
No
80 (75.5)
24 (92.3)
20 (69.0)
21 (80.8)
15 (60.0)
Yes
26 (24.5)
2 (7.7)
9 (31.0)
5 (19.2)
10 (40.0)
SRS-30 variables, n (%)
Pain in last 6 months
None
9 (8.5)
4 (15.4)
0 (0)
2 (7.7)
3 (12.0)
Mild
34 (32.1)
16 (61.5)
8 (27.6)
4 (15.4)
6 (24.0)
Moderate to severe
62 (58.5)
6 (23.1)
21 (72.4)
19 (73.1)
16 (64.0)
Pain in last 1 month
None
13 (12.3)
7 (26.9)
2 (6.9)
2 (7.7)
2 (8.0)
Mild
29 (27.4)
10 (38.5)
6 (20.7)
6 (23.1)
7 (28.0)
Moderate to severe
64 (60.4)
9 (34.6)
21 (72.4)
18 (69.2)
16 (64.0)
Back pain at rest
No
17 (16.0)
5 (19.2)
4 (13.8)
6 (23.1)
2 (8.0)
Yes
89 (84.0)
21 (80.8)
25 (86.2)
20 (77)
23 (92.0)
Current level of activity
Full activities without restriction
45 (42.5)
13 (50)
13 (44.8)
11 (42.3)
8 (32.0)
Light-to-moderate activity
45 (42.5)
9 (34.6)
11 (37.9)
9 (34.6)
16 (64.0)
No activity
16 (15.1)
4 (15.4)
5 (17.2)
6 (23.1)
1 (4.0)
Missed school/work days due to back pain in last 3 months
0
75 (70.8)
21 (80.8)
22 (75.9)
16 (61.5)
16 (64.0)
1–3
17 (16.0)
3 (11.5)
4 (13.8)
4 (15.4)
6 (25.0)
4 or more
13 (12.3)
2 (7.7)
3 (10.3)
6 (23.1)
2 (8.0)
Medications for pain, n (%)
None
78 (73.6)
24 (92.3)
23 (79.3)
15 (57.7)
16 (64.0)
Yes
Nonopioids
22 (20.8)
2 (7.7)
4 (13.8)
9 (34.6)
7 (28.0)
Opioids
6 (5.7)
0 (0)
2 (6.9)
2 (7.7)
2 (8.0)
Anesthetic variables
Remifentanil, mg/kg
45.6 (22.9)
37.0 (23.3)
45.5 (21.2)
51.7 (23.2)
48.5 (22.4)
Sufentanil, mg/kg (n = 28)
0.56 (0.52)
0.26 (0.14)
0.67 (0.65)
0.45 (0.37)
0.79 (0.65)
Fentanyl, mg/kg (n = 14)
2.30 (0.55)
2.7 (1.3)
2.2 (0.45)
2.5 (0.35)
2.0 (0.38)
Dexamethasone, mg/kg
0.11 (0.04)
0.12 (0.03)
0.10 (0.01)
0.12 (0.04)
0.12 (0.04)
Ketamine, mg/kg
0.70 (0.57)
0.70 (0.45)
0.73 (0.52)
0.74 (0.50)
0.72 (0.81)
Spinal morphine, mg/kg
5.40 (2.97)
5.28 (2.77)
5.96 (3.92)
5.11 (1.62)
5.19 (3.05)
Total intraoperative opioids (equivalents of morphine), mg/kg
36.1 (17.0)
29.5 (17.7)
36.3 (15.8)
40.7 (17.1)
38.3 (16.6)
Surgical variables
Surgery length, minutes
264.6 (76.4)
254.7 (71.6)
260.3 (75.8)
277.3 (76.5)
266.5 (84.1)
Blood loss, mL
761.1 (441.2)
769.5 (437.4)
790.5 (509.1)
721.7 (300.0)
759.5 (503.3)
Number of fused vertebrae
10.6 (2.6)
10.2 (2.8)
10.0 (2.9)
11.5 (1.6)
10.9 (2.5)
Data are presented as mean (SD), unless otherwise specified. PCSc: Pain Catastrophizing Scalechild questionnaire, SRS-30: Scoliosis Research Society questionnaire: version 30. Significant association observed between the variable and pain trajectory membership.
