Vitamin D Deficiency and Molecular Changes in Circulating MicroRNAs in Older Adults with Lower Back Pain

Figure 2

Effect of gender on LBP prevalence rates, serum levels of inflammatory markers as TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP, vitamin D serum levels, and physical activity scores in older adults (n = 110). Regarding LBP prevalence, a higher incidence of LBP was reported in females compared to males (a). In addition, a significant increase in the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP and a decrease in the levels of vitamin D and PA scores were found in females with minimal (), moderate (), and severe () LBP compared to males of the same group (b–f).

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(b)

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