Perioperative Low-Dose Ketamine for Postoperative Pain Management in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

<div>Risk of bias. (a) A summary table of each risk of bias item for each study; (b) a plot of the distribution of each risk of bias item. “+”: low risk of bias; “?”: unclear risk of bias; “–”: high risk of bias.</div>

Pain Research and Management

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Figure 2

Figure 2: Perioperative Low-Dose Ketamine for Postoperative Pain Management in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials 

Figure 2 | Perioperative Low-Dose Ketamine for Postoperative Pain Management in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials 