Perioperative Low-Dose Ketamine for Postoperative Pain Management in Spine Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Figure 5

Forest plot of the cumulative opioid consumption for the ketamine group and control group. (a) First 12 h; (b) first 24 h; (c) first 48 h.

(a)

(b)

(c)