Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Breast Cancer Survivors with Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Table 3
Adjusteda within-arm and between-arm differences for primary and secondary outcomes from logistic and mixed effects regression analyses.
Control group (N = 49)
Treatment group (N = 49)
Treatment effect
Primary outcome (dichotomous)
Odds ratio (95% CI)
Brief Pain Inventory-Interference, number of responders (N (%))b
8/39 (20.5%)
11/31 (35.5%)
1.96 (0.60, 6.41) = 0.2633
Secondary outcomes (continuous)
Mean∗ (95% CI)
Mean∗ (95% CI)
Between-arm difference
Mean (95% CI), value
Brief Pain Inventory-Interference
T2 (randomization)
4.45 (3.76, 5.14)
4.76 (4.02, 5.51
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−0.11 (−0.64, 0.42)
−0.59 (−1.19, 0.01)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
−0.37 (−0.91, 0.17)
−0.33 (−0.96, 0.30)
0.04 (−0.79, 0.86); = 0.9312
Profile of Mood States
T2 (randomization)
63.61 (54.27, 72.95)
67.99 (59.86, 76.12)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
2.12 (−7.82, 12.05)
−5.12 (−10.25, 0.02)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
−0.92 (−10.86, 9.01)
−1.62 (−6.75, 3.52)
−0.69 (−11.84, 10.45)
= 0.9023
Patient Global Impression of Change
T2 (randomization)
4.06 (3.54, 4.58)
4.19 (3.60, 4.79)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−0.01 (−0.48, 0.47)
0.72 (0.13, 1.31)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
0.02 (−0.46, 0.50)
0.62 (0.03, 1.21)
0.60 (−0.14, 1.34)
= 0.1068
Patient Health Questionnaire-9
T2 (randomization)
9.48 (7.21, 11.76)
10.29 (7.53, 13.04)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−0.38 (−1.74, 0.98)
−1.79 (−3.50, −0.07)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
−1.53 (−2.88, −0.18)
−1.11 (−2.82, 0.61)
0.42 (−1.74, 2.58)
= 0.6992
Short-Form-12 Health Survey-physical health T-score
T2 (randomization)
36.45 (31.56, 41.33)
33.68 (27.78, 39.59)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−0.35 (−2.93, 2.23)
2.34 (−1.13, 5.81)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
−0.82 (−3.40, 1.75)
1.82 (−1.62, 5.26)
2.65 (−1.53, 6.82)
= 0.2067
Short-Form-12 Health Survey-mental health T-score
T2 (randomization)
46.46 (41.41, 51.52)
45.22 (39.49, 50.96)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−0.50 (−3.91, 2.91)
3.18 (−0.88, 7.23)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
1.21 (−2.19, 4.62)
2.44 (−1.52, 6.39)
1.22 (−3.94, 6.39)
= 0.6398
Pain Catastrophizing Scale
T2 (randomization)
21.86 (18.19, 25.53)
22.39 (18.44, 26.33)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−1.08 (−3.76, 1.61)
−4.12 (−6.94, −1.30)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
−4.09 (−6.85, −1.33)
−2.84 (−5.72, 0.05)
1.26 (−2.65, 5.17)
= 0.5231
Five Facets Mindfulness Questionnaire
T2 (randomization)
127.31 (119.35, 135.27)
122.6 (114.65, 130.55)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−1.10 (−4.31, 2.12)
7.68 (2.25, 13.12)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
1.24 (−2.07, 4.54)
7.02 (1.38, 12.66)
5.78 (−0.72, 12.28)
= 0.0806
Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory
T2 (randomization)
0.444 (0.392, 0.496)
0.458 (0.402, 0.514)
T3-T2 (randomization to 2 weeks)
−0.015 (−0.064, 0.035)
−0.049 (−0.093, −0.004)
T4-T2 (randomization to 3 months)
−0.039 (−0.092, 0.013)
−0.046 (−0.093, −0.00005)
−0.007 (−0.076, 0.062)
= 0.8379
T2: after randomization; T3: 2 weeks post-MBSR (and equivalent time point for waitlist control group); T4: 3 months post-MBSR (and equivalent time point for waitlist control group); aAnalyses were adjusted for stratification factor, pre-BPI pain, and time since entering pain clinic. bN = 10 and N = 18 participants in the control and intervention arms had missing values and could not be classified for the responder analysis. ∗An increase in score indicates a benefit for the SF-12, FFMQ variables, and the PGIC score, while a decrease in score indicates a benefit for all other measures (BPI, PHQ-9, POMS, PCS, and NPSI).
