Improvement in Disability Mediates the Effect of Self-Efficacy on Pain Relief in Chronic Low Back Pain Patients with Exercise Therapy
Table 1
Baseline characteristics and cotreatments before and after propensity score matching.
Whole participants
PS-matched
Control (N = 135)
Exercise (N = 54)
Control (N = 49)
Exercise (N = 49)
Demographics
Age (years)
67.5 ± 13.3
64.6 ± 14.1
66.415.3
65.9 ± 14.0
Gender, n (%)
Female
68 (50.4)
31 (57.4)
28 (57.1)
27 (55.1)
Male
67 (49.6)
23 (42.6)
21 (42.9)
22 (44.9)
BMI (kg/m2)
23.9 ± 3.2
22.9 ± 4.1
23.7 ± 3.4
22.7 ± 3.8
Duration of pain, n (%)
<6 months
17 (12.6)
5 (9.3)
3 (6.1)
5 (10.2)
≥6 months
118 (87.6)
49 (90.7)
46 (93.9)
44 (89.8)
ICD-classification, n (%)
Primary pain
29 (21.5)
14 (25.9)
11 (22.5)
12 (24.5)
Secondary pain
106 (78.5)
26 (74.1)
38 (77.5)
37 (75.5)
History of spine surgery, n (%)
42 (31.1)
18 (33.3)
21 (42.9)
16 (32.7)
Baseline pain and psychological measures
NRS
5.7 ± 1.8
5.7 ± 1.8
5.7 ± 1.8
5.7 ± 1.9
PDAS
25.1 ± 11.3
28.1 ± 11.1
25.9 ± 10.4
27.5 ± 11.1
HADS-A
6.5 ± 3.9
7.1 ± 4.5
7.0 ± 3.5
6.8 ± 4.4
HADS-D
7.1 ± 4.0
7.6 ± 4.2
7.8 ± 3.7
7.4 ± 4.1
PSEQ
28.3 ± 14.1
24.8 ± 12.0
25.2 ± 12.4
25.9 ± 11.9
PCS
31.4 ± 9.4
33.5 ± 9.4
33.6 ± 8.5
33.3 ± 9.6
Cotreatments during the 3-month follow-up
Nerve blocks, n (%)
119 (88.2)
45 (83.3)
42 (85.7)
42 (85.7)
Pharmacotherapy, n (%)
135 (100.0)
54 (100.0)
49 (100.0)
49 (100.0)
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (percentage). PS, propensity score; BMI, body mass index; ICD, the International Classification of Diseases; NRS, Numerical Rating Scale of pain; PDAS, Pain Disability Assessment Scale; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression; PSEQ, Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale.
