The Pain Intensity/Quality and Pain Site Association with Muscle Activity and Muscle Activity Distribution in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain: Using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model Analysis
Table 1
Characteristics of the patients.
Variables
Mean ± SD
Age in years
71.7 ± 9.3
Gender
Male: 10, female: 13
Pain duration (months)
28.3 ± 44.7
Pain site (cm)
15.0 ± 7.3
RMS (extension phase)
1.01 ± 0.07
Centroid of muscle activity (extension phase) (cm)
4.8 ± 0.2
Distance between the centroid and pain site (cm)
10.2 ± 7.2
NRS
4.7 ± 2.1
SFMPQ-2 total score
30.3 ± 23.8
Continuous pain
12.3 ± 12.0
Intermittent pain
6.6 ± 7.2
Neuropathic pain
5.9 ± 5.8
Affective
5.5 ± 6.2
Throbbing pain
1.8 ± 2.5
Shooting pain
1.8 ± 2.6
Stabbing pain
0.6 ± 1.1
Sharp pain
1.7 ± 2.5
Cramping pain
2.1 ± 3.0
Gnawing pain
0.7 ± 1.5
Hot-burning pain
0.2 ± 0.6
Aching pain
1.8 ± 2.5
Heavy pain
3.4 ± 2.9
Tenderness
1.6 ± 2.9
Splitting pain
0.3 ± 1.0
Electric-shock pain
1.9 ± 2.9
Cold-freezing pain
0.8 ± 1.6
Piercing
0.3 ± 0.8
Pain caused by light touch
0.5 ± 1.1
Itching
0.6 ± 2.0
Tingling or pins and needles
0.8 ± 1.3
Numbness
2.6 ± 2.6
The pain site is indicated as the numerical distance between the top of the electromyography (EMG) sheet and the painful site, with the top of the attached EMG sheet as the starting position (0 cm). RMS: root mean square; NRS: numerical rating scale; SFMPQ-2 : Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire-2.
