A Critical Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Acupuncture for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence

Table 7

Results of certainty of quality.

Author, year (Country)	Outcomes	Studies (participants)	Limitations	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Publication bias	Quality
Na Yang, 2021 (China) [18]	Effective rate	7 (523)	0	0	0	0	0	High
	1-hour pad test	5 (417)	0	−1②	0	0	−1④	Low
	ICIQ-SF score	4 (366)	0	−1②	0	−1③	−1④⑤	Low
Xiuhua Lai, 2020 (China) [19]	Effective rate	13 (1,333)	0	0	0	0	−1④	Moderate
	ICIQ-SF score	6 (763)	0	−1②	0	0	−1④	Low
	1-hour pad test	5 (900)	0	−1②	0	0	−1④	Low
Yajing Zhong, 2020 (China) [20]	Effective rate	7 (1,010)	0	−1②	0	0	−1④	Low
	1-hour pad test	9 (1,157)	0	−1②	0	0	−1④	Low
	ICIQ-SF score	9 (1,157)	0	−1②	0	0	−1④	Moderate
	72-hour incontinence episodes	3 (654)	0	0	0	0	−1④	Moderate
	Follow-up of the effective rate	2 (584)	0	0	0	0	−1④⑤	Moderate
	Follow-up of the ICIQ-SF score	3 (644)	0	−1②	0	0	−1④⑤	Moderate
	Follow-up of the 72-hour incontinence episodes	2 (584)	0	0	0	0	−1④⑤	Moderate
Chen, et al. 2018 (China) [21]	Effective rate (acupuncture and RT)	8 (558)	−1①	0	0	0	0	Moderate
	Effective rate (acupuncture and CM)	3 (220)	−1①	0	0	−1③	−1④	Low
	ICIQ-SF score (acupuncture and RT)	5 (323)	−1①	−1②	0	−1③	−1④	Very low
Chen, 2020 (China) [22]	Effective rate	7 (577)	−1①	0	0	0	−1④	Low
Ma, et al. 2021 (China) [23]	Effective rate	13 (812)	−1①	0	0	0	−1④	Low
	ICIQ-SF score	6 (377)	−1①	−1②	0	−1③	−1④	Very low
	1-hour pad test	9 (504)	−1①	−1②	0	0	−1④	Very low
	24-hour urination diary	9 (143)	−1①	0	0	−1③	−1④	Low
Wang, et al. 2014 (China) [24]	Effective rate (acupuncture and RT)	5 (461)	−1①	0	0	0	0	Moderate
	Effective rate (acupuncture and CM)	3 (220)	−1①	0	0	−1③	−1⑤	Moderate
	Effective rate (acupuncture and placebo)	2 (198)	−1①	0	0	−1③	−1⑤	Moderate
Zhang and Xie, 2016 (China) [25]	Effective rate	10 (607)	−1①	−1②	0	0	−1④	Low
	ICIQ-SF score	4 (257)	−1①	−1②	0	−1③	−1④	Very low
	VAS	2 (206)	0	0	0	−1③	−1④⑤	Moderate

Note: ① The included studies have a large bias in methodology such as randomization, allocation concealment, and blinding. ② The confidence interval overlaps less or the I2 value of the combined results was larger. ③ The sample size from the included studies does not meet the optimal sample size or the 95% confidence interval crosses the invalid line. ④ The funnel chart is asymmetry. ⑤ Fewer studies were included, and their results were all positive, which may result in a large publication bias.