Research Article
Procedure-Related Access Site Pain Multimodal Management following Percutaneous Cardiac Intervention: A Randomized Control Trial
Table 1
Patients demographic and clinical characteristics of control and intervention groups.
| | Clinical characteristics | Control group n = 68 | Intervention group n = 65 | p | | n (%) or mean ± SD |
| | Gender (female) | 23 (33.8) | 22 (33.8) | 0.988 | | Mean of body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.89 ± 6.05 | 29.19 ± 4.49 | 0.241 | | Mean of age (yrs.) | 64.10 ± 10.50 | 64.63 ± 12.25 | 0.301 | | Mean time of IHD (yrs.) | 3.28 ± 5.20 | 4.39 ± 5.58 | 0.127 | | Arterial hypertension | 61 (89.7) | 59 (90.8) | 0.836 | | Diabetes | 9 (13.2) | 11 (16.9) | 0.552 | | Carpal tunnel syndrome (no use of NSAIDs) | 0 | 1 (1.5) | 0.305 | | Smoking | 20 (29.4) | 20 (30.8) | 0.865 | | Dyslipidemia | 41 (60.3) | 38 (58.5) | 0.836 | | Depression | 1 (1.5) | 1(1.5) | 0.974 | | Rheumatoid arthritis (remission, no use of NSAIDs) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (3.1) | 0.963 | | Other comorbidities | 22 (32.4) | 30 (46.2) | 0.079 | | Coronary findings before the procedure | | Unknown | 46 (67.6) | 38 (58.5) | 0.219 | | Zero-vessel disease | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.0) | | Single-vessel disease | 7 (10.3) | 5 (7.7) | | Double-vessel disease | 4 (5.9) | 12 (18.5) | | Multivessel disease | 10 (14.7) | 8 (12.3) | | Procedure | | Diagnostic | 5 (7.4) | 3 (4.6) | 0.347 | | Stable angina | 46 (67.6) | 40 (61.5) | | Unstable angina | 11 (16.2) | 13 (20.0) | | STEMI | 4 (5.9) | 2 (3.1) | | NSTEMI | 2 (2.9) | 7 (10.8) | | Procedure performed by | | Senior cardiologist | 55 (80.9) | 53 (81.5) | 0.923 | | Senior resident | 13 (19.1) | 12 (18.5) | | Procedure performed | | First time | 44 (64.7) | 35 (53.8) | 0.221 | | Second time and more | 24 (35.3) | 30 (46.2) | | Procedure time (min) | 34.57 ± 20.33 | 34.80 ± 20.74 | 0.826 | | Coronary findings after the procedure | | Zero-vessel disease | 22 (32.8) | 24 (37.5) | 0.567 | | Single-vessel disease | 12 (17.9) | 11 (17.2) | | Double-vessel disease | 18 (26.9) | 11 (17.2) | | Multivessel disease | 15 (22.4) | 18 (28.1) | | Number of stents implanted | | 0 | 36 (53.7) | 41 (65.1) | 0.546 | | 1 | 18 (26.9) | 13 (20.6) | | 2 | 9 (13.4) | 8 (12.7) | | 3 | 3 (4.5) | 1 (1.6) | | 4 | 1 (1.5) | 0 | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 150.6 ± 27.12 | 154.35 ± 22.18 | 0.127 | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 79.56 ± 12.71 | 78.28 ± 9.25 | 0.978 | | Heart rate (bpm) | 72.51 ± 12.17 | 72.23 ± 13.75 | 0.799 | | Medications | | Nitroglycerin use during PCI | 16 (55.2) | 22 (73.3) | 0.144 | | Antiplatelet/Anticoagulants (before PCI) | 26 (38.2) | 33 (50.8) | 0.145 | | Ticagrelor | 3 (4.4) | 6 (9.2) | 0.594 | | Clopidogrel | 5 (7.4) | 3 (4.6) | | Aspirin | 12 (17.6) | 16 (24.6) | | Aspirin and clopidogrel | 2 (2.9) | 3 (4.6) | | Anticoagulants | 4 (5.9) | 5 (7.7) |
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IHD: ischemic heart disease; PCI: percutaneous cardiac intervention; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; NSTEMI: non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
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