Ultrasonography Comparison of Diaphragm Morphological Structure and Function in Young and Middle-Aged Subjects with and without Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of subject’s data.

	NCLBP group; (N = 31)	HC group; (N = 32)	t/χ^2/Z	value	95% CI
Age (years)	30.51 ± 6.05	29.13 ± 5.68	−0.94	0.350^a	(−1.56∼4.35)
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.57 ± 2.55	22.27 ± 3.20	−0.96	0.343^a	(−2.16∼0.76)
Height (cm)	167.00 (162.00–173.00)	166.5 (160.00–176.00)	−0.220	0.826^b	NA
Weight (kg)	60.13 ± 9.40	63.18 ± 12.49	−1.10	0.278^a	(−8.64∼2.52)
Sex (n, %)
Male	14 (45)	16 (50)	0.15	0.701^c	NA
Female	17 (55)	16 (50)			NA
Education level, n (%)
Junior	0	0
Senior	2 (6.5)	0 (0)		0.238^d	NA
College or higher	29 (93.5)	32 (100)
Pain duration, n (%)
3 months to 1 year	8 (25.8)	NA
1 year to 5 years	21 (67.7)	NA			NA
5 years to 10 years	1 (3.2)	NA
Over 10 years	1 (3.2)	NA

^at-value;^bZ-value;^cχ²-value; ^dFisher’s exact test.