The Impact of Perioperative Multimodal Pain Management on Postoperative Outcomes in Patients (Aged 75 and Older) Undergoing Short-Segment Lumbar Fusion Surgery

Table 1

Two different perioperative pain management protocols.

	Control group	PMPM group	Time
Preoperatively	No intervention	Step one: acetaminophen and/or NSAIDs and/or gabapentin, PO	After admission, PRN
		Step two: opioids, PO	PRN
Intraoperatively	—	150 mg of pregabalin, PO	2 h before surgery
	Propofol, IV	Propofol, IV	During surgery
	Sufentanil, IV	Sufentanil, IV	During surgery
	—	A mixture of 10 ml 2% lidocaine and 10 ml 1% ropivacaine, local anesthesia	Before incision and after skin closure
Postoperatively	PCA	Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, IV	Day 0–day 2
	No intervention	Step one: acetaminophen and/or NSAIDs and/or gabapentin, PO	PRN
		Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, IV	PRN
		Step two: opioids, PO	PRN

PMPM: perioperative multimodal pain management; IV: intravenous; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; PO: peros (oral); PRN: as required.