|
| Study | Subjects | Control/sham | Variation | Findings |
|
| Degenhardt et al. | 7 women and 3 men with () and without () low back pain | Light-touch | OMT | ↑ β-endorphins
↑ PEA |
|
| McPartland et al. | Osteopathic patient population () | Sham manipulation | OMT | ↑ AEA |
|
| Vernon et al. | 27 healthy males | (1) Control group laid supine on a treatment table
(2) Sham group received joint play maneuvers | SMT | ↑ β-endorphins |
|
| Christian et al. | 40 male subjects who were chiropractic patients and students with and without pain | Sham (joint taken to end-range of motion) | SMT | → β-endorphins |
|
| Sanders et al. | 9 males and 9 females with acute (<2 weeks) low back pain | Sham group () received light touch at L4/L5–S1 | SMT | → β-endorphins |
|
| Plaza-Manzano et al. | 30 graduate school students | No treatment | SMT | ↓ orexin A
↑ neurotensin
↑ oxytocin |
|
| Skyba et al. | 113 male Sprague-Dawley rats | (1) Vehicle w/manipulation
(2) Vehicle w/anesthesia
(3) Drugs w/anesthesia | Knee manipulation | Serotonin-mediated
Norepinephrine-mediated
Non-GABA-mediated |
|
| Martins et al. | 8 male Swiss mice per group | (1) Control
(2) Sham | Ankle joint mobilization | EO- |
|
| Martins et al. | 8 male Swiss mice per group | (1) Control
(2) Sham | Ankle joint mobilization | CBR- |
|
| Martins et al. | 8 male Swiss mice per group | (1) Control
(2) Sham | Ankle joint mobilization | Adenosine- |
|
| Martins et al. | 8 adult male Wistar rats per group | (1) Sham
(2) Sham w/anesthesia
(3) Sham w/mobilization
(4) Crush
(5) Crush w/anesthesia | Ankle joint mobilization | ↓ glial cell activation |
|
| Paungmali et al. | 7 female and 17 males with lateral epicondylalgia | (1) Placebo
(2) Control | MWM | No increase in tolerance over treatment period |
|
| Paungmali et al. | 4 female and 14 males with lateral epicondylalgia | (1) Placebo
(2) Control | MWM | Non-EO- |
|
| Santos et al. | Male Wistar rats | (1) Control
(2) Injury only
(3) Sham
(4) Sham w/mobilization | NM | Dynorphin-mediated |
|
| Kaada and Torsteinbø | 6 male and 6 female subjects with a history of myalgia | | Connective tissue massage | ↑ β-endorphins |
|
| Trentini et al. | Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats | (1) Control
(2) Placebo | Acupressure | EO- |
|
| Fassoulaki et al. | 4 females and 8 males without a familiarity with acupuncture | (1) Control
(2) Sham | Acupressure | → β-endorphins |
|
| Day et al. | 17 women and 14 men who were healthy and free of pain | Control | Conventional massage | → β-endorphins
→ β-lipotropins |
|
| Agren et al. | 13–21 Male Sprague-Dawley rats | Control | Conventional Massage | Oxytocin- |
|
| Turner et al. | 26 nulliparous women that cycle | (1) Positive emotion
(2) Negative emotion | Conventional massage | ↑ oxytocin |
|
| Bello et al. | 14 males | Control | Conventional massage | ↑ oxytocin
→ arginine vasopressin |
|
| Morhenn et al. | 50 females and 45 males | Rest | Conventional massage | ↑ oxytocin
↓ β-endorphins
|
|
| Hernandez-Reif et al. | 13 women and 11 men with >6 months low back pain | Relaxation therapy | Conventional massage | ↑ dopamine
↑ serotonin |
|
| Hernandez-Reif et al. | 34 women with stage 1 or 2 breast cancer | Control (medical treatment-only) | Conventional massage | ↑ dopamine
↑ serotonin |
|
| Field et al. | Review | Conventional massage | ↑ dopamine
↑ serotonin |
|
| Hart et al. | Nineteen women with anorexia nervosa | Control (standard treatment-only) | Conventional massage | ↑ dopamine |
|
| Lund et al. | 19 fibromyalgia patients | Guided relaxation | Conventional massage | ↑ corticotropin releasing factor |
|
| Billhult et al. | 32 women with breast cancer | Attention | Conventional massage | ↑ oxytocin |
|
| Tsuji et al. | 7 Japanese boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder and their mothers | Control (no massage, crossover) | Conventional massage | ↑ oxytocin |
|
| Rapaport et al. | 29 females and 24 males | Light touch | Conventional massage | → oxytocin
↓ arginine vasopressin |
|
| Rapaport et al. | 23 females and 22 males | Light touch | Conventional massage | ↑ oxytocin (acute)
→ oxytocin (chronic) |
|
