A Review of the Biology of Cerataphidini (Hemiptera, Aphididae, Hormaphidinae), Focusing Mainly on Their Life Cycles, Gall Formation, and Soldiers

Figure 1

Life cycles of cerataphidines. Gall generation (upper) and secondary-host generation (lower), together with alates (emigrant and sexupara), are schematically shown. (a,b) Host-alternating (heteroecious) life cycle: in obligate host alternation (a) aphids cannot persist without returning to the primary host, while in facultative host alternation (b) aphids can survive on the secondary host throughout the year. (c) Non-host-alternating (monoecious) life cycle on the primary host; alate sexuparae produced in the gall fly to the primary host. (d) Anholocycle on the secondary host; alate sexuparae (if any) are functionless.