Venom-Induced Immunosuppression: An Overview of Hemocyte-Mediated Responses
Figure 1
Phase-contrast micrographs of adhesive hemocytes from the last instars of G. mellonella cultured in vitro with isolated crude venom (0.001 VRE/μL) from P. turionellae. Hemocytes were incubated in vitro at 27°C for 1 h in TC-100 medium with 10% FBS before the addition of phosphate isolation buffer (a) or venom (b). Photomicrographs were taken at 45 min after treatment. GR: granular cells; PL: plasmatocytes; LGR: lysed granular cells; VA: vacuoles. Bar = 20 μm *(Effects of parasitization and envenomation by the endoparasitic wasp Pimpla turionellae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on hemocyte numbers, morphology and viability of its host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) [71]. Copyright [2010] Entomological Society of America).
