Venom-Induced Immunosuppression: An Overview of Hemocyte-Mediated Responses

Figure 4

Fluorescence microscopy of hemocytes collected from G. mellonella incubated with crude venom from P. turionellae and double stained with an annexin-V-sensitive probe (conjugated to FITC) and propidium iodide. Qualitative labeling of annexin V in the plasma membrane (b and e) or cellular uptake of propidium iodide (c and f) was monitored 1 h after exposure to wasp venom. Cells exposed to PBS served as controls (a)–(c), and a 0.25 VRE dose of P. turionellae venom was used for toxicity assays (d)–(f). PL: plasmatocyte; GC: granular cell; AH: annexin halo; PI: propidium iodide. The bar corresponds to 15 μm. *(Effects of parasitism and application of venom from the endoparasitoid Pimpla turionellae on hemocytes of the host Galleria mellonella [82]. Copyright [2010] Blackwell Verlag, GmbH).