Venom-Induced Immunosuppression: An Overview of Hemocyte-Mediated Responses

Table 1

Changes in total and differential hemocyte counts and hemocyte morphology induced by parasitism and venom from the parasitoids devoid of symbiotic viruses.

Parasitoid	Host	Treatments	Effects observed			Ref.
			THC	DHC	Hemocyte Morph.
Pimpla turionellae	Galleria mellonella	Parasitized; Venom	Reduced; Reduced	GR increased; PL reduced; GR increased; PL reduced	(i) Vacuole formation; (ii) Membrane blebs	[71]
Pimpla turionellae	Cells derived from Trichoplusia ni and Aedes aegypti	Venom			(i) Rounded; (ii) Plasma membranes; Swelled	[25]
Nasonia vitripennis	Cells derived from Trichoplusia ni	Venom			(i) Retract cytoplasmic; extensions; (ii) Rounded; (iii) Vacuole formation	[27]
Nasonia vitripennis	Sarcophaga bullata	Parasitized; Venom	Reduced; Reduced	PL reduced; PL reduced	(i) Retract pseudopods; (ii) Rounded	[26]
Asobara citri	Drosophila melanogaster	Parasitized	Reduced	PL reduced; LM reduced		[28]
Asobara tabida	6 Drosophila species	Parasitized	Increased	PL increased; LM increased		[29]
		Parasitized	Reduced	PL reduced
Asobarajaponica	Drosophila melanogaster	Venom + ovarian extract	Reduced	PL reduced	No effect	[30]
		Ovarian extract	No changes	No changes
Pimpla hypochondriaca	Lacanobia oleracea	Venom	Reduced		Extensive damage disintegration	[10]
Pteromalus; puparum	Pieris rapae	Parasitized; Venom	Increased	PL reduced; GR increased	Rounded	[23]