Morphology and Ultrastructure of Brain Tissue and Fat Body from the Flesh Fly, Sarcophaga bullata Parker (Diptera: Sarcophagidae), Envenomated by the Ectoparasitic Wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)

Table 1

Cellular responses of brain tissue from S. bullata to envenomation by N. vitripennis.

			Cell responses (𝑋± SEM) %
Time (hours)	Treatment	𝑛	Bleb formation	Irregular nucleus	Heterochromatin
0	Control; Venom	3278; 2743	0a; 0a	0a; 0a	0a; 0a
0.5	Control; Venom	3701; 3929	0a; 0a	0a; 0a	0a; 0a
1	Control; Venom	3362; 3578	0a; 0a	0a; 17.9 ± 2.1b	0a; 24.6 ± 1.7b
3	Control; Venom	2954; 2881	0a; 0a	1.6 ± 0.8c; 31.6 ± 2.4d	0a; 30.8 ± 3.1c
6	Control; Venom	3460; 4012	0a; 0a	0.8 ± 0.1c; 46.1 ± 3.6e	0a; 53.2 ± 3.8d
24	Control; Venom	3055; 2896	0a; 23.1 ± 2.4b	0a; 68.4 ± 3.2f	0a; 63.8 ± 4.3e

The percentage of cells that displayed formation of plasma membrane blebs, irregularities (i.e., convolutions) of the nuclear envelope, or heterochromatin formation in nuclei were determined from captured images and analyzed using SPOT (v. 4.5) and Adobe Photoshop software (Creative Suite 2, Photoshop v. 9.0). Image analyses were performed using brain thin sections from three hosts, counting a minimum of 500 cells/treatment/time point. Values in the same column followed by the same letter do not differ significantly from each other at 𝑃<0.05.