Research Article
Chemical Constituents and Combined Larvicidal Effects of Selected Essential Oils against Anopheles cracens (Diptera: Culicidae)
Table 1
Physical characteristics and percentage yields (% Yield) of essential oils derived from ten plant species.
| Family and botanical name (reference number) | English name | Part used | Physical characteristics | % Yield | Color | Odor | Density (g/mL) |
| Cyperaceae | | | | | | | Cyperus rotundus Linn. (PARA-CY-001/1) | Nut grass | Tuber | Golden yellow | Nut grass-like | 0.95 | 0.42 | Myristicaceae | | | | | | | Myristica fragrans Houtt. (PARA-MY-001/1) | Nutmeg | Mace | Light yellow | Nutmeg-like | 0.96 | 3.41 | Piperaceae | | | | | | | Piper nigrum Linn. (PARA-PI-004/1) | Black pepper | Fruit | Clear | Pepper-like | 0.90 | 0.39 | Piper longum Linn. (PARA-PI-001/5) | Long pepper | Fruit | Light yellow | Pepper-like | 0.87 | 0.64 | Piper sarmentosum Roxb. (PARA-PI-003/2) | Wild betel | Leaf and stem | Brown | Pepper-like | 0.91 | 0.31 | Rutacea | | | | | | | Zanthoxylum piperitum DC. (PARA-ZA-002/4) | Japanese Prickly Ash | Fruit | Pale yellow | Orange-like | 0.74 | 0.34 | Umbelliferae | | | | | | | Coriandrum sativum Linn. (PARA-CO-002/2) | Coriander | Fruit | Pale yellow | Bug-like | 0.86 | 0.97 | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (PARA-FO-001/3) | Fennel | Fruit | Pale yellow | Anise-like | 0.89 | 0.57 | Zingiberaceae | | | | | | | Amomum uliginosum Koenig (PARA-AM-002/2) | Cardamom | Rhizome | Light yellow | Camphor-like | 0.92 | 0.95 | Curcuma longa Linn. (PARA-CU-005/1) | Turmeric | Rhizome | Pale yellow | Ginger-like | 0.81 | 0.56 |
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