Chemical Constituents and Combined Larvicidal Effects of Selected Essential Oils against Anopheles cracens (Diptera: Culicidae)

Table 1

Physical characteristics and percentage yields (% Yield) of essential oils derived from ten plant species.

Family and botanical name (reference number)	English name	Part used	Physical characteristics			% Yield
			Color	Odor	Density (g/mL)
Cyperaceae
Cyperus rotundus Linn.; (PARA-CY-001/1)	Nut grass	Tuber	Golden yellow	Nut grass-like	0.95	0.42
Myristicaceae
Myristica fragrans Houtt.; (PARA-MY-001/1)	Nutmeg	Mace	Light yellow	Nutmeg-like	0.96	3.41
Piperaceae
Piper nigrum Linn.; (PARA-PI-004/1)	Black pepper	Fruit	Clear	Pepper-like	0.90	0.39
Piper longum Linn.; (PARA-PI-001/5)	Long pepper	Fruit	Light yellow	Pepper-like	0.87	0.64
Piper sarmentosum Roxb.; (PARA-PI-003/2)	Wild betel	Leaf and stem	Brown	Pepper-like	0.91	0.31
Rutacea
Zanthoxylum piperitum DC.; (PARA-ZA-002/4)	Japanese Prickly Ash	Fruit	Pale yellow	Orange-like	0.74	0.34
Umbelliferae
Coriandrum sativum Linn.; (PARA-CO-002/2)	Coriander	Fruit	Pale yellow	Bug-like	0.86	0.97
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.; (PARA-FO-001/3)	Fennel	Fruit	Pale yellow	Anise-like	0.89	0.57
Zingiberaceae
Amomum uliginosum Koenig; (PARA-AM-002/2)	Cardamom	Rhizome	Light yellow	Camphor-like	0.92	0.95
Curcuma longa Linn.; (PARA-CU-005/1)	Turmeric	Rhizome	Pale yellow	Ginger-like	0.81	0.56