Botanicals as Grain Protectants

Table 2

List of insecticidal active principles of plants.

Active principle	Plant species	Insect toxicity	Insect species	References
Anonaine	Annona reticulate	Contact	Callosobruchus chinensis	[72]
Azadirachtin	Azadirachta indica	Contact: IGR	Stored grain pests, aphids	[30]
E-Anethole	Foeniculum vulgare	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae,; Callosobruchus chinensis	[49]
β-Asarone	Acorus calamus	Contact;	Stored grain pests	[73]
Z-Asarone	Acorus calamus; Acorus gramineus	Contact	Sitophilus zeamais	[26]
Bornyl acetate	Chamaecyparis obtuse	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae	[27]
Camphor	Ocimum kilimands charicum	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae	[59]
(+)-3-Carene	Baccharis salicifolia	Contact	Tribolium castaneum	[59]
Carvacrol	Thujopsis dolabrata	Contact; fumigant	Sitophilus oryzae,; Callosobruchus chinensis	[60]
Carvone	Carum carvi	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae,; Rhyzopertha dominica	[74]
1,8 Cineole	Eucalyptus	Contact; fumigant	Rhyzopertha dominica; Tribolium castaneum	[38]
Cinnamaldehyde	Cinnamomum aromaticum	Contact	Tribolium castaneum,; Sitophilus zeamais	[37]
Dioctyl hexanedioate	Conyza dioscori dis	Contact	Tribolium castaneum,; Sitophilus granaries	[41]
Eugenol	Citrus	Fumigant	Sitophilus oryzae	[38]
Estragole	Foeniculum vulgare	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae; Lasioderma serricorne	[31]
(+)-Fenchone	Foeniculum vulgare	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae; Lasioderma serricorne	[31]
Hexa decane	Chenopodiumambrosioides	Contact	Tribolium castaneum,; Sitophilus granaries	[41]
Hexadecanoic acid	Convolvulus arvensis	Contact	Sitophilus oryzae,; Rhyzopertha dominica.	[41]
Linalool	Ocimum canum Sims	Fumigant	Tribolium castaneum,; Sitophilus granaries	[75]
Limonene	Citrus	Contact	Tribolium castaneum	[27]
(−)-Limonene	Baccharis salicifolia	Contact; fumigant	Tribolium castaneum	[31]
Nicotine	Nicotiana tabacum	Contact	Mites, aphids, thrips, leafhopper	[39]
Pyrethrin I and II	Tanacetum cinerariaefolium	Contact; stomach poison	Stored grain pests, crop pests	[76]
β-Pinene	Baccharis salicifolia	Contact	Tribolium castaneum,	[27]
α-Pinene	Baccharis salicifolia	Fumigant	Tribolium castaneum,	[27]
Rotenone	Lonchocarpus sp.	Contact; stomach poison	Crop pests, lace bugs,; Sitophilus oryzae	[55]
Ryania	Ryania speciosa	Contact; stomach poison	Potato beetle, aphids, lace bugs, stored grain pests	[77]
Sabadilla	Schoenocaulon officinale	Contact; stomach poison	Stinks, thrips, squash bugs, leaf hoppers, caterpillars	[78]
Spinosyn A and D	Saccharopolyspora spinosa	Stomach poison	Stored grain pests	[79]