Chemical Ecology of Egg Parasitoids Associated with True Bugs

Table 1

Host or host-associated semiochemicals exploited by egg parasitoids of Heteroptera for host location or recognition (modified and updated from Colazza et al. [14]).

Parasitoid	Host	Plant	Function	Origin	Chemistry	Parasitoid response	References
Mymaridae
Anaphes iole	Lygus hesperus	Gossypium hirsutum + other	Volatile induced synomone	Plants with feeding damage	Several HIPV, mostly α-farnesene, (Z)-3- hexenyl acetate, methyl salicylate	Attraction in olfactometer (effect of experience); response to EAG	[43, 44, 67]
			Short range synomones	Wounds in different substrates		Ovipositor probing	[52, 53]
			Short range kairomones	Host egg and adult		Ovipositor probing	[52–54]
Encyrtidae
Ooencyrtus nezarae	Riptortus clavatus		Volatile kairomone	Host male attractant pheromone	(E)-2-Hexenyl (Z)-3-Hexenoate	Attraction in field, increased parasitism	[34–36]
Ooencyrtus telenomicida	Nezara viridula		Volatile kairomone	Host male pheromone + ovipositing female		Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer	[38]
Platygastridae
Gryon boselli	Gonocerus acuteangulatus		Contact kairomone	Host footprints		Arrestment and increased searching in open arena	Colazza et al., unpubl.
Gryon pennsylvanicum	Leptoglossus australis		Volatile kairomone	Host pheromone		Attraction in field	[56]
Telenomus podisi	Euschistus heros	Glycine max, Cajanus cajan	Volatile induced synomone	Plants with feeding damage; cis-jasmone treatments on resistant plants	Quantitative differences especially (E,E)-α-farnesene, methyl salicylate, (Z)-3- hexenyl acetate, and (E)-2-octen-1-ol	Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer	[41, 42, 66]
			Volatile kairomone	Compounds from host defensive secretion	(E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal	Attraction and increased searching	[33]
			Kairomone	Host male sex pheromone	Methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate	Choice in closed arena	[85]
			Contact kairomone	Host footprints		Arrestment and increased searching in open arena	[46]
			Contact kairomone	Acetone extract of host eggs	2,6,10-Trimethyltridecanoate		[51]
	Euschistus conspersus		Volatile kairomone	Host male attractant pheromone	Methyl(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate	No parasitism increase in field	[86]
Telenomus calvus	Podisus neglectus		Volatile kairomone	Host pheromone			[39]
	Podisus maculiventris		Volatile kairomones	Host male attractant pheromone; host female		Attraction in field allowing egg parasitism; phoresy	[2, 3, 87]
Trissolcus basalis	Nezara viridula	Vicia faba, Phaseolus vulgaris	Volatile induced synomone	Plants with oviposition + feeding	Increase of (E)- β-caryophyllene	Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer	[20, 21]
			Volatile kairomone	Host defensive allomone	(E)-2-Decenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal	Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer, increased searching	[30, 33]
			Volatile kairomone	Host attractant pheromone		Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer	[31]
			Contact kairomone (highly specific)	Host footprints (especially females)	Cuticular hydrocarbons	Arrestment and increased searching in open arena	[31, 71, 72]
			Contact kairomone	Follicular secretion and egg extracts	Mucopolysaccharide-protein complex	Host recognition	[50, 88, 89]
Trissolcus brochymenae	Murgantia histrionica	Brassica oleracea	Short-range induced synomone	Plants with feeding damage		Increased searching behavior	[22, 62, 63],
			Short-range induced synomone	Plants with feeding + oviposition (systemic induction)		Increased searching behavior	[22, 62, 63],
			Volatile kairomone	Pheromone from different host instars		Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer	[28]
			Contact kairomone (highly specific)	Host footprints (especially mated females)	Cuticular hydrocarbons	Arrestment and increased searching in open arena	[28, 32, 47]
			Volatile kairomone	Host egg masses		Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer	[28]
			Contact kairomone	Follicular secretion and egg extracts		Host recognition	[28]: Conti et al., unpubl.
Trissolcus euschisti	Euschistus conspersus		Volatile kairomone	Male attractant pheromone	Methyl(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate	No parasitism increase in field	[86]
Trissolcus grandis	Eurygaster integriceps		Volatile kairomones	Host male attractant and female sex pheromones		Attraction in the field	[90]
	Eurygaster spp.		Contact kairomone	Host egg			[91]
Trissolcus simoni	Eurydema ventrale		Volatile kairomone	Host attractant pheromone		Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer	[92]
			Contact kairomone	Host footprints		Arrestment and increased searching in open arena	[32]
Trissolcus utahensis	Euschistus conspersus		Volatile kairomone	Host sex pheromone	Methyl(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate	No parasitism increase in field	[86]