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Parasitoid | Host | Plant | Function | Origin | Chemistry | Parasitoid response | References |
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Mymaridae | | | | | | | |
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Anaphes iole | Lygus hesperus | Gossypium hirsutum + other | Volatile induced synomone | Plants with feeding damage | Several HIPV, mostly α-farnesene, (Z)-3- hexenyl acetate, methyl salicylate | Attraction in olfactometer (effect of experience); response to EAG | [43, 44, 67] |
| | | Short range synomones | Wounds in different substrates | | Ovipositor probing | [52, 53] |
| | | Short range kairomones | Host egg and adult | | Ovipositor probing | [52–54] |
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Encyrtidae | | | | | | | |
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Ooencyrtus nezarae | Riptortus clavatus | | Volatile kairomone | Host male attractant pheromone | (E)-2-Hexenyl (Z)-3-Hexenoate | Attraction in field, increased parasitism | [34–36] |
Ooencyrtus telenomicida | Nezara viridula | | Volatile kairomone | Host male pheromone + ovipositing female | | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer | [38] |
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Platygastridae | | | | | | | |
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Gryon boselli | Gonocerus acuteangulatus | | Contact kairomone | Host footprints | | Arrestment and increased searching in open arena | Colazza et al., unpubl. |
Gryon pennsylvanicum | Leptoglossus australis | | Volatile kairomone | Host pheromone | | Attraction in field | [56] |
Telenomus podisi | Euschistus heros | Glycine max, Cajanus cajan | Volatile induced synomone | Plants with feeding damage; cis-jasmone treatments on resistant plants | Quantitative differences especially (E,E)-α-farnesene, methyl salicylate, (Z)-3- hexenyl acetate, and (E)-2-octen-1-ol | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer | [41, 42, 66] |
| | | Volatile kairomone | Compounds from host defensive secretion | (E)-2-hexenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | Attraction and increased searching | [33] |
| | | Kairomone | Host male sex pheromone | Methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate | Choice in closed arena | [85] |
| | | Contact kairomone | Host footprints | | Arrestment and increased searching in open arena | [46] |
| | | Contact kairomone | Acetone extract of host eggs | 2,6,10-Trimethyltridecanoate | | [51] |
| Euschistus conspersus | | Volatile kairomone | Host male attractant pheromone | Methyl(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate | No parasitism increase in field | [86] |
Telenomus calvus | Podisus neglectus | | Volatile kairomone | Host pheromone | | | [39] |
| Podisus maculiventris | | Volatile kairomones | Host male attractant pheromone; host female | | Attraction in field allowing egg parasitism; phoresy | [2, 3, 87] |
Trissolcus basalis | Nezara viridula | Vicia faba, Phaseolus vulgaris | Volatile induced synomone | Plants with oviposition + feeding | Increase of (E)- β-caryophyllene | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer | [20, 21] |
| | | Volatile kairomone | Host defensive allomone | (E)-2-Decenal, 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer, increased searching | [30, 33] |
| | | Volatile kairomone | Host attractant pheromone | | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer | [31] |
| | | Contact kairomone (highly specific) | Host footprints (especially females) | Cuticular hydrocarbons | Arrestment and increased searching in open arena | [31, 71, 72] |
| | | Contact kairomone | Follicular secretion and egg extracts | Mucopolysaccharide-protein complex | Host recognition | [50, 88, 89] |
Trissolcus brochymenae | Murgantia histrionica | Brassica oleracea | Short-range induced synomone | Plants with feeding damage | | Increased searching behavior | [22, 62, 63], |
| | | Short-range induced synomone | Plants with feeding + oviposition (systemic induction) | | Increased searching behavior | [22, 62, 63], |
| | | Volatile kairomone | Pheromone from different host instars | | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer | [28] |
| | | Contact kairomone (highly specific) | Host footprints (especially mated females) | Cuticular hydrocarbons | Arrestment and increased searching in open arena | [28, 32, 47] |
| | | Volatile kairomone | Host egg masses | | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer | [28] |
| | | Contact kairomone | Follicular secretion and egg extracts | | Host recognition | [28]: Conti et al., unpubl. |
Trissolcus euschisti | Euschistus conspersus | | Volatile kairomone | Male attractant pheromone | Methyl(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate | No parasitism increase in field | [86] |
Trissolcus grandis | Eurygaster integriceps | | Volatile kairomones | Host male attractant and female sex pheromones | | Attraction in the field | [90] |
| Eurygaster spp. | | Contact kairomone | Host egg | | | [91] |
Trissolcus simoni | Eurydema ventrale | | Volatile kairomone | Host attractant pheromone | | Attraction in Y-tube olfactometer | [92] |
| | | Contact kairomone | Host footprints | | Arrestment and increased searching in open arena | [32] |
Trissolcus utahensis | Euschistus conspersus | | Volatile kairomone | Host sex pheromone | Methyl(E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate | No parasitism increase in field | [86] |
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