Current Understanding and Future Prospects of Host Selection, Acceptance, Discrimination, and Regulation of Phorid Fly Parasitoids That Attack Ants

Table 2

Host acceptance cues used by phorid flies to choose ant hosts.

Cue modality	Phorid species	Ant species	Cue	Source	Ant use	Ref.
Visual	Pseudacteon spp.	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Movement	—	—	[16, 19]
	Pseudacteon spp.	Azteca instabilis	Movement	—	—	[17]
	Neodohrniphora elongata	Atta sexdens	Movement	—	—	[18]
	Apocephalus paraponerae	Paraponera clavata	No movement	—	—	[5]
	Pseudacteon nuicornis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Small-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Pseudacteon obtusus	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Small-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Pseudacteon curvatus	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Small-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Pseudacteon tricuspis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Medium-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Pseudacteon wasmanni	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Medium-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Pseudacteon borgmeieri	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Medium- to Larger-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Pseudacteon solenopsidis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Medium- to Larger-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Pseudacteon litoralis	Solenopsis saevissima complex	Larger-sized workers	—	—	[16]
	Neodohrniphora elongata	Atta sexdens	Minimum head width of 1.6 mm	—	—	[53]
	Apocephalus paraponerae	Paraponera clavata	Large workers	—	—	[5]
Chemical	Apocephalus paraponerae	Paraponera clavata	Cuticular hydrocarbons	—	Nest mate recognition	[5]
	Pseudacteon spp.	Azteca instabilis	Cuticular hydrocarbons	—	Nest mate recognition	[54]
	Pseudacteon tricuspis	Solenopsis invicta	Piperidine alkaloids	Venom glands	Defense pheromone	[26]