Nesting Associations without Interdependence: A Preliminary Review on Plesiobiosis in Ants

Table 1

Observed cases of plesiobiotic associations in ants.

No. of species pairs	Species pairs recorded in plesiobiotic associations	Country	Habitats	Location of nests/type of nesting shelter	No. of cases of plesiobiotic nests	Source
1	Formica fusca, Myrmica rubra	Finland; UK	Different successional series of rocky habitats; foreshore	In/under moss; under decaying wood; under stone	2; ?	Czechowski 2003, 2004 [32, 34]; Morley 1945 [25]
2	Formica fusca, Myrmica ruginodis	Poland	Clearcut of managed forest	In tree stumps	1	Włodarczyk et al. 2009 [36]
3	Formica fusca-Tetramorium caespitum	Poland	Clearcut of managed forest	In tree stumps	3	Włodarczyk et al. 2009 [36]
4	Formica fusca-Leptothorax acervorum	Finland	Different successional series of rocky habitats	Mound of F. lugubris	1	Czechowski 2004 [34]
5	Formica fusca-Lasius flavus	Finland	Different successional series of rocky habitats	Under wood; in rock crevice; under stone	4	Czechowski 2004 [34]
6	Formica fusca-Lasius platythorax	Finland; Poland	Forest on rocks; clearcut of managed forest	In decaying wood; in tree stump	3	Włodarczyk et al. 2009 [36]
7	Formica fusca-Lasius niger	UK	Foreshore	Under stone	?	Morley 1945 [25]
8	Formica fusca-Camponotus herculeanus	Poland	Forest edge	Under wood	1	Czechowski 2005 [35]
9	Formica fusca-Camponotus vagus	Hungary	Pine and poplar forest patches	In/under wood	10	Kanizsai (unpubl.)
10	Formica fusca-Formica lugubris	Finland	Different successional series of rocky habitats	Mound of F. lugubris	1	Czechowski 2004 [34]
11	Formica fusca-Formica aquilonia	Finland	Forest on rocks	Mound of F. lugubris	1	Czechowski and Vepsäläinen 1999 [29]
12	Formica fusca-Formica truncorum	Finland	Different successional series of rocky habitats	In rock crevice	1	Czechowski 2004 [34]
13	Lasius flavus-Formica cunicularia	UK	Foreshore	Under stone	?	Morley 1945 [25]
14	Lasius flavus-Formica aquilonia	Finland	Different successional series of rocky habitats	Mound of F. aquilonia	1	Czechowski 2004 [34]
15	Lasius flavus-Formica fuscocinerea	Poland	Grassy mountain slope	Under stone	1	Czechowski & Czechowska 2000 [30]
16	Lasius flavus-Tetramorium caespitum	Finland	Different successional series of rocky habitats	Under stone	1	Czechowski 2004 [34]
17	Lasius flavus-Myrmica scabrinodis	UK	Foreshore	Under stone	?	Morley 1945 [25]
18	Lasius flavus-Lasius niger	Finland; UK	Rocky outcrop; shore meadow, foreshore	In rock crevice/under stone	12; ?	Czechowski 2004 [34], Morley 1945 [25]
19	Lasius flavus-Lasius platythorax	Finland	Different successional series of rocky habitats	In rock crevice/under stone/overgrown soil	3	Czechowski 2004 [34]
20	Monomorium minimum-Pachycondyla harpax	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
21	Monomorium minimum-Pogonomyrmex barbatus	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
22	Monomorium minimum-Camponotus festinatus	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
23	Monomorium minimum-Camponotus sansabeanus	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
24	Monomorium minimum- Formica gnava	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
25	Myrmecina americana-Myrmica pinetorum	USA	?	In the sand	1	Wheeler 1905 [21]
26	Myrmecina americana-Pheidole picea	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
27	Myrmecina americana-Ponera pennsylvanica	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
28	Myrmecina americana-Formica gnava	USA	?	Under stone	1	Wheeler 1901 [5]
29	Myrmica rubra-Lasius niger	Finland	Shore meadow; at road	Under stone; between asphalt edge and grass	2	Czechowski 2004 [34]
30	Myrmica rubra-Lasius platythorax	Finland	Forest	In decaying wood	1	Czechowski 2004 [34]
31	Myrmica rubra-Leptothorax muscorum	Finland	Shore meadow	Under stone	1	Czechowski 2004 [34]
32	Lasius umbratus-Formica sanguinea	Poland	Clearings in a pine forest	In the sandy soil	1	Czechowski & Rotkiewicz 1997 [27]
33	Lasius umbratus-Polyergus rufescens	Poland	Clearings in a pine forest	In the sandy soil	1	Czechowski & Rotkiewicz 1997 [27]
34	Lasius umbratus-Lasius sabularum	Poland	Stand of oak trees	Under stone	1	Borowiec 2011 [40]
35	Pheidole picea-Lasius minutus	USA	Hardwood forest	In a stump	1	Gaige 1914 [23]
36	Pheidole picea-Lasius nearcticus	USA	Hardwood forest	Under rock	1	Gaige 1914 [23]
37	Camponotus fallax-Lasius brunneus	Poland	Urban park	In decaying wood	1	Czechowski 2004 [33]
38	Camponotus herculeanus-Lasius platythorax	Finland	?	In decaying wood	1	Czechowski 2004 [33]
39	Camponotus yogi-Temnothorax andrei	USA	Chaparral	In living stems of; Haplopappus pinifolius	1	Creighton & Snelling 1966 [26]
40	Camponotus modoc-Leptothorax calderoni	USA	Pine forest	In log/in stump	?	Wheeler 1917 [24]
41	Camponotus pennsylvanicus-Formica subaenescens	USA	Hardwood forest	Under log	1	Gaige 1914 [23]
42	Camponotus festinatus-Pachycondyla harpax	USA	At road	Under stone	2	Wheeler 1901 [5]
43	Camponotus sansabeanus-Pachycondyla harpax	USA	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
44	Camponotus ligniperdus-Aphaenogaster subterranea	Hungary	Pine forest	Under stone	3	Lőrinczi (unpubl.)
45	Formica japonica-Tetramorium tsushimae	Japan	Urban area	In the soil	1	Czechowski & Yamauchi 1998 [28]
46	Formica rufa-Leptothorax muscorum	Sweden	?	?	?	Wheeler 1901 [5]
47	Myrmecina graminicola-Ponera coarctata	Hungary	Pine forest	Under stone	2	Lőrinczi (unpubl.)
48	Strumigenys pergandei-Formica spp., and so forth	USA	?	In the soil	?	Wheeler 1905 [21]