Toxicity of Anethole and the Essential Oils of Lemongrass and Sweet Marigold to the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor and Their Selectivity for Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Workers and Larvae

Figure 2

Relative expression of the gene AChE using qRT-PCR in Apis mellifera workers at 0 and 48 h posttreatment with 5 μl of tau-fluvalinate (110 μg/ml), anethole (34,200 μg/ml), Cymbopogon oil (60,000 μg/ml), and Tagetes oil (60,000 μg/ml). Control bees were treated with solvent (ethanol). Different letters indicate significant differences of means based on analysis of variance and Fisher protected LSD tests performed with log-transformed data.