Toxicity of Anethole and the Essential Oils of Lemongrass and Sweet Marigold to the Parasitic Mite Varroa destructor and Their Selectivity for Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Workers and Larvae

Table 3

Lethal dose (LD₅₀) and other related parameters estimated for worker and larvae of A. mellifera, at 24 h or 48 h posttreatment with 5 μl/individual of six concentrations of plant products or tau-fluvalinate.

Growth stages	Compounds	Time after treatment (h)		LD50 (μg/ml)	95% CL	Slope ± SE	Intercept		df
Worker	Anethole	24	525	35942.0	27984.0–44810.0	5.69 ± 0.52		23.91	16
		48	525	35520.0	27553.0–44249.0	5.74 ± 0.52		24.11	16
	Cymbopogon oil	24	525	54844.0	40701.0–71227.0	2.96 ± 0.43		23.88	16
		48	525	53304.0	36493.0–72285.0	2.92 ± 0.43		22.97	16
	Tagetes oil	24	525	85381.0	56652.0–11129.0	2.96 ± 0.45		26.74	16
		48	525	83297.0	52116.0–108460.0	3.12 ± 0.48		25.27	16
	Tau-fluvalinate	24	525	173.49	120.20–225.60	2.59 ± 0.24		19.39	16
		48	525	139.70	107.73–173.52	2.27 ± 0.21		18.97	16
Larvae	Anethole	24	525	14518.0	11853.0–17661.0	3.81 ± 0.32		19.03	16
		48	525	14143.0	11441.0–17085.0	3.89 ± 0.34		18.72	16
	Cymbopogon oil	24	525	12900.0	8562.6–18093.0	1.87 ± 0.19		15.92	16
		48	525	12359.0	8091.7–17389.0	1.92 ± 0.19		14.28	16
	Tagetes oil	24	525	9580.7	7024.2–11083.0	4.70 ± 1.01		21.99	16
		48	525	9423.0	6886.9–10953.0	4.58 ± 0.94		20.57	16
	Tau-fluvalinate	24	525	875.20	581.73–1430.21	1.15 ± 0.16		23.33	16
		48	525	666.21	415.76–1046.72	1.28 ± 0.18		23.18	16