Population Dynamics of Native Parasitoids Associated with the Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (Dryocosmus kuriphilus) in Italy
Table 5
Number of insect specimens from Dryocosmus kuriphilus galls collected at Marradi (Italy). Percentages of dead specimens inside galls are also reported, as well as the estimated number of parasitoids that emerged before the sampling date.
Family
Species
Primary or secondary parasitoid
Parasitoid n. gen/yr
Ecto- or endo-parasitic
2011
2012
2013
Total number
Dead (%)
Total number
Dead (%)
Total number
Dead (%)
Parasitoids
Dryocosmus kuriphilus
1645
67.9
2621
78.7
1714
82.1
Torymidae
Torymus flavipes (Walker)
Primary
2
Ecto
330
23.9
2
0
0
-
Torymus formosus (Walker)
Primary
2
Ecto
4
0
0
-
0
-
Torymus auratus (Muller)
Primary
2
Ecto
5
20
2
0
2
0
T. sinensis (larvae inside galls)
Primary
1
Ecto
0
-
2
0
7
0
Megastigmidae
Bootanomyiadorsalis (Fabricius)
Primary
2
Ecto
3
0
4
0
2
0
Eupelmidae
Eupelmus urozonus Dalman
Primary/secondary
2
Ecto
5
20
25
20
9
44.4
Pteromalidae
Mesopolobus tibialis (Westwood)
Primary (rarely secondary)
2-3
Ecto
34
35.3
2
0
0
-
Mesopolobus tarsatus (Nees)
Primary (rarely secondary)
2-3
Ecto
9
22.2
0
-
0
-
Mesopolobus fuscipes (Walker)
Primary (rarely secondary)
2-3
Ecto
3
33.3
0
-
0
-
Mesopolobus sericeus (Forster)
Primary (rarely secondary)
2-3
Ecto
0
-
0
-
3
0
Ormyridae
Ormyrus pomaceus (Geoffroy)
Primary
2
Ecto
3
0
0
-
2
0
Eurytomidae
Sycophila biguttata (Swederus)
Primary
2
Endo
1
0
7
0
0
-
Sycophila flavicollis (Walker)
Primary
2
Endo
1
0
0
0
-
Eurytoma brunniventris Ratzeburg
Primary/secondary
2
Ecto
1
0
2
0
0
-
Unidentified
53
100
13
100
20
100
Emerged before the sampling date
142
-
5
-
9
-
Total parasitoids
594
25.1
64
28.1
54
44.4
to our study, further species discrimination within the E. urozonus complex has come about [24], resulting in five new Eupelmus species. Thus, within our E. urozonus figures, we might well have some of these newly described species, for example, E. confusus [24] and E. gemellus [24], both of which had been reared from D. kuriphilus galls.
