Comparing Adult Males and Females in the United States to Examine the Association between Body Mass Index and Frequent Mental Distress: An Analysis of Data from BRFSS 2011
Table 5
Adjusted odds ratiosa of having FMD among adults in the United States, stratified by gender, BRFSS 2011.
Variableb
Categories
Females ()
Males ()
Adjusted OR
95% CI
Adjusted OR
95% CI
Age category (years) (ref: 18–24)
25–34
1.06
0.91–1.23
1.11
0.94–1.31
35–44
1.04
0.89–1.21
1.06
0.89–1.26
45–54
0.88
0.76–1.03
0.83
0.70–0.99*
55–64
0.61
0.52–0.71***
0.60
0.50–0.73***
≥65
0.34
0.28–0.40***
0.34
0.27–0.42***
Race and ethnicity (ref: non-Hispanic White)
Black non-Hispanic
0.81
0.73–0.89***
0.88
0.77–1.01
Asian non-Hispanic
0.77
0.57–1.04
0.72
0.53–0.99*
American Indian/Alaska Native non-Hispanic
0.93
0.75–1.15
1.20
0.91–1.57
Hispanic
0.90
0.81–0.99*
0.92
0.81–1.04
Other race non-Hispanic
1.15
0.97–1.35
1.38
1.13–1.68**
Education (ref: did not graduate from high school)
Graduated from high school
0.89
0.81–0.99*
0.84
0.74–0.95**
Attended college or technical school
0.99
0.89–1.10
0.90
0.79–1.03
Graduated from college or technical school
0.82
0.73–0.92**
0.75
0.65–0.87***
Employment status (ref: employed for wages)
Self-employed
1.10
0.96–1.24
1.14
1.00–1.29
Out of work for >1 year
1.95
1.72–2.21***
2.36
2.01–2.78***
Out of work for <1 year
1.83
1.57–2.12***
2.15
1.82–2.56***
Homemaker
1.10
1.00–1.22*
—
Student
1.41
1.18–1.67***
1.14
0.88–1.46
Retired
1.03
0.94–1.14
1.33
1.14–1.56**
Unable to work
3.23
2.92–3.57***
3.66
3.19–4.20***
Annual income ($) (ref: <15000)
15000 to less than 25000
0.75
0.69–0.82***
0.80
0.71–0.90**
25000 to less than 35000
0.71
0.63–0.79***
0.74
0.64–0.86***
35000 to less than 50000
0.59
0.53–0.66***
0.67
0.58–0.78***
50000 or more
0.53
0.48–0.60***
0.53
0.46–0.61***
Marital status (ref: currently married)
Divorced
1.16
1.08–1.26**
1.23
1.11–1.37**
Widowed
0.95
0.86–1.05
1.61
1.35–1.93***
Separated
1.58
1.38–1.82***
1.61
1.33–1.95***
Never married
1.11
1.00–1.22*
1.13
1.01–1.26*
A member of an unmarried couple
1.18
1.02–1.37*
1.13
0.92–1.38
Tobacco use (ref: never used tobacco or smoked <100 cigarettes in life)
Everyday
2.02
1.87–2.18***
1.77
1.60–1.97***
Some of the days but not everyday
1.71
1.52–1.92***
1.66
1.43–1.93***
Previous user of smokeless tobacco or smoked <100 cigarettes in life
1.20
1.12–1.29***
1.20
1.08–1.32**
Alcohol use (ref: not used alcohol at all in the previous 30 days)
Drank at least once in the past 30 days but not a heavy or binge drinker
1.05
0.98–1.12
0.88
0.80–0.96**
Heavy drinker
1.09
0.88–1.34
1.06
0.70–1.61
Binge drinker
1.27
1.16–1.40***
1.08
0.98–1.19
Dietary practicec
0.94
0.90–0.98**
0.91
0.87–0.96**
Physical activity in previous 30 days (ref: no physical activity or exercise other than regular work)
Met aerobic and strengthening guidelines
0.65
0.59–0.72***
0.71
0.63–0.80***
Met aerobic guidelines
0.68
0.63–0.73***
0.75
0.68–0.83***
Met strengthening guidelines
0.72
0.62–0.83***
0.86
0.72–1.02
Met neither guideline but had physical activity
0.78
0.72–0.84***
0.85
0.75–0.95**
Number of chronic conditions ever diagnosedc
1.34
1.31–1.37***
1.33
1.29–1.38***
BMI category (ref: normal)
Underweight
1.33
1.10–1.60**
1.40
0.98–1.99
Overweight
1.10
1.03–1.19**
0.97
0.88–1.07
Obese
1.21
1.13–1.31***
1.05
0.95–1.17
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; FMD: frequent mental distress; OR: odds ratio. ; ; . OR for each variable is adjusted for all other covariates. The reference category for each variable is specified within parenthesis. Introduced in the multivariable model as continuous variable.
