First Rank Symptoms and Neurological Soft Signs in Schizophrenia

Table 4

Comparison of neurological soft sign (NSS) scores between patients of schizophrenia with and without first rank symptoms using Kruskal-Wallis test.

	𝑁=150; (mean ± SD)	Schiz. with FRS (A)	FDR of schiz. patients with FRS (B)	Schiz. without FRS (C)	FDR of schiz. patients without FRS (D)	Normal controls (E)	𝜒^2	𝑃 (post hoc)
Total abnormality score	1.52 ± 2.31	99.00	57.08	98.92	68.75	53.75	39.424	0.0001***; (A > B, D, E; C > B, D, E; D > E)
Filtered abnormality score	1.40 ± 2.16	98.65	58.20	99.77	69.48	51.40	41.852	0.0001***; (A > B, E; C > D, E; D > E)
Soft signs	1.19 ± 1.99	100.38	57.12	99.38	68.15	52.47	45.594	0.0001***; (A > B, D, E; C > B, D, E; D > E)
Hard signs	0.29 ± 0.80	81.68	68.87	91.25	71.70	64.00	19.309	0.001***; (A > B, E; C > D, E)
Filtered hard signs	0.11 ± 0.35	76.13	70.97	83.30	76.13	70.97	6.425	0.170
Motor domain	0.16 ± 0.58	80.60	72.83	80.60	75.47	68.00	6.774	0.148
Involuntary movements	0.15 ± 0.50	76.70	73.92	81.62	76.27	69.00	5.625	0.229
Muscle power	0.01 ±0.12	74.50	74.50	74.50	74.50	79.50	8.054	0.090
Muscle tone	0.01 ± 0.14	74.00	74.00	81.50	74.00	74.00	12.163	0.016
Cranial nerves	0.02 ± 0.45	78.98	71.30	89.10	71.68	66.43	12.661	0.013**; A > E; C > D, E
Cognitive functions	0.18 ± 1.94	94.47	58.50	95.62	68.10	60.82	39.221	0.0001***; (A > B, E; C > D, E)
Reflexes	0.67 ± 0.33	84.00	69.00	86.50	71.50	66.50	16.681	0.002**; (A > B, E; C > D, E)
Sensory	0.12 ± 0.79	82.25	71.28	88.30	69.17	66.50	17.389	0.002**; (A > B, E; C > D, E)

^∗𝑃<0.05, **𝑃<0.01, and ***𝑃<0.001.
Schiz.: schizophrenia; FDR: first degree relative; FRS: first rank symptoms.