Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Related Factors in Japanese Employees: A Comparative Study between Surveys from 2007 and 2010
Table 3
Effects of sociodemographic and employment-related factors on the prevalence of high scorers on the CES-D (16) in the 2010 survey.
Total
Male
Female
OR
95% CI
value
OR
95% CI
value
OR
95% CI
value
Sex
Men
Ref.
Women
1.49
1.03–2.15
<0.05
Age
29
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
30–39
0.67
0.44–1.01
0.06
0.90
0.54–1.52
0.69
0.39
0.18–0.81
<0.05
40–49
0.72
0.46–1.11
0.14
1.07
0.60–1.90
0.81
0.39
0.19–0.83
<0.05
50
0.52
0.33–0.83
<0.01
0.70
0.37–1.34
0.29
0.30
0.14–0.67
<0.005
Education
Compulsory/senior high school
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Some tertiary education
0.98
0.66–1.46
0.93
1.02
0.60–1.73
0.94
0.78
0.40–1.50
0.45
Graduate degree or higher
0.77
0.50–1.20
0.25
0.77
0.45–1.31
0.33
0.69
0.29–1.64
0.40
Employment status
Full-time work
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
No full-time work
0.80
0.50–1.30
0.38
1.04
0.47–2.31
0.92
0.88
0.44–1.74
0.70
Employee type
Nonmanagerial class
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Managerial class
0.91
0.60–1.38
0.65
0.64
0.38–1.07
0.09
1.82
0.76–4.34
0.18
Job category
Clerical/administrative
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Professional
0.73
0.47–1.12
0.15
0.62
0.34–1.15
0.13
0.81
0.41–1.60
0.54
Sales/service
1.08
0.57–2.07
0.81
0.92
0.42–2.05
0.85
1.36
0.36–5.09
0.65
Technical
0.76
0.48–1.20
0.23
0.68
0.39–1.19
0.18
0.83
0.33–2.12
0.70
Others (on-site workers)
0.92
0.57–1.47
0.72
0.83
0.46–1.49
0.52
0.82
0.34–1.98
0.66
Working hours per day
8 h
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
>8 h
1.42
1.04–1.94
<0.05
1.34
0.90–1.99
0.15
1.63
0.94–2.81
0.08
Sleep duration (weekdays)
<6 h
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
6 h
0.56
0.37–0.86
<0.01
0.57
0.32–1.02
0.06
0.51
0.26–0.97
<0.05
7 h
0.46
0.28–0.76
<0.005
0.34
0.17–0.67
<0.005
0.67
0.31–1.46
0.32
>7 h
0.85
0.45–1.61
0.61
0.61
0.27–1.39
0.24
1.92
0.55–6.73
0.31
Sleep duration (holidays)
<6 h
Ref.
6 h
0.72
0.37–1.40
0.33
0.62
0.26–1.50
0.29
1.11
0.37–3.31
0.85
7 h
0.61
0.31–1.20
0.15
0.72
0.29–1.75
0.46
0.59
0.20–1.71
0.33
8 h
0.55
0.27–1.09
0.09
0.58
0.23–1.45
0.24
0.57
0.18–1.75
0.33
>8 h
1.09
0.49–2.46
0.83
1.04
0.36–2.98
0.95
1.60
0.41–6.26
0.50
Smoking behavior
Nonsmoker
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
Ceased smoker
0.99
0.64–1.51
0.95
0.95
0.55–1.66
0.87
1.00
0.46–2.19
1.00
Current smoker
0.99
0.68–1.43
0.94
1.03
0.64–1.66
0.90
1.01
0.51–1.99
0.98
Alcohol consumption
None/rare
Ref.
Ref.
Ref.
1-2/week
0.75
0.50–1.12
0.16
0.52
0.30–0.91
<0.05
1.08
0.58–2.01
0.82
3–5/week
0.78
0.48–1.27
0.32
0.71
0.37–1.36
0.30
0.92
0.43–1.98
0.84
6-7/week
0.90
0.61–1.34
0.61
0.81
0.49–1.33
0.41
1.05
0.49–2.24
0.90
OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref.: reference group to which all other categorical variables are compared (binomial multivariate logistic regression).
