Serious Psychological Distress and Emergency Room Use among Adults with Multimorbidity in the United States
Table 2
Weighted row percentages, adjusted odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals of serious psychological distress from logistic regressions on ER use in the past 12 months. National Health Interview Survey, 2015.
Wt.%
AOR
95% CI
value
Predisposing factors
Sex
Women
27.9
0.98
[0.86, 1.10]
0.685
Men (Ref.)
25.6
Age in years
22–39
39.3
2.70
[2.21, 3.30]
<0.001
40–49
27.0
1.35
[1.13, 1.62]
0.001
50–64
25.9
1.14
[1.00, 1.30]
0.058
≥65 (Ref.)
24.5
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic
29.6
0.93
[0.77, 1.13]
0.487
Non-Hispanic black
35.1
1.34
[1.15, 1.56]
<0.001
Other non-Hispanic races
19.0
0.66
[0.51, 0.84]
0.001
Non-Hispanic white (Ref.)
25.6
Enabling factors
Marital status
Married
24.0
1.08
[0.89, 1.30]
0.448
Widowed, separated, divorced
31.0
1.18
[0.97, 1.42]
0.090
Never (Ref.)
33.7
Education level
High school
28.8
0.92
[0.76, 1.13]
0.436
Greater than high school
23.4
0.93
[0.77, 1.13]
0.464
Less than high school (Ref.)
36.8
Poverty status
100–<200%
34.9
0.89
[0.74, 1.06]
0.203
200–<400%
26.7
0.72
[0.59, 0.87]
0.001
≥400%
18.3
0.65
[0.53, 0.80]
0.000
Missing
26.1
0.83
[0.63, 1.08]
0.169
<100% FPL (Ref.)
42.9
Health insurance
Insured
26.4
1.00
[0.78, 1.28]
0.999
Uninsured (Ref.)
35.7
Need factors
SPD status
SPD
54.1
1.61
[1.26, 2.04]
<0.001
No SPD (Ref.)
25.2
Perceived general health
Excellent/very good
15.8
0.40
[0.34, 0.48]
<0.001
Good
26.1
0.62
[0.54, 0.71]
<0.001
Fair/poor (Ref.)
44.1
Functional limitations
No
16.0
0.55
[0.48, 0.64]
<0.001
Yes (Ref.)
33.2
Personal health practices
Body mass index
Underweight/normal
28.6
1.18
[1.02, 1.38]
0.028
Overweight
22.9
0.92
[0.81, 1.05]
0.231
Missing
23.7
0.76
[0.54, 1.09]
0.133
Obese (Ref.)
29.3
Smoking status
Nonsmoker
23.5
0.77
[0.66, 0.91]
0.001
Former smoker
26.4
0.88
[0.75, 1.04]
0.145
Current smoker (Ref.)
38.7
Alcohol use
Lifetime abstainer
29.3
1.10
[0.92, 1.31]
0.281
Former drinker
32.6
1.16
[1.00, 1.34]
0.047
Current drinker (Ref.)
23.9
Physical activity
Daily
19.3
0.75
[0.56, 1.01]
0.059
Weekly
19.2
0.87
[0.74, 1.02]
0.082
Unable
47.4
1.51
[1.13, 2.01]
0.005
No exercise (Ref.)
29.0
External environmental factors
Region of residence
Northeast
26.2
1.03
[0.87, 1.23]
0.714
Midwest
28.3
1.08
[0.93, 1.26]
0.306
South
27.1
0.95
[0.83, 1.08]
0.414
West (Ref.)
25.1
Note. Based on 12,869 adults aged over 21 years having two or more physical diseases with and without serious psychological distress (SPD). SPD was defined as a score of 13 or greater on the K6. Wt.: weighted; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref.: reference group; SPD: serious psychological distress; FPL: federal poverty line.
